Crete, GreeceDESIRE Project Harmonised Information Systemhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/crete-greece2016-09-22T20:43:59ZJoomla! 1.5 - Open Source Content ManagementContact the Crete study site team2010-11-25T10:53:36Z2010-11-25T10:53:36Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/crete-greece/478-contact-the-crete-study-site-teamJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<table class="institute" border="0">
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<td valign="top" width="139">Institute full name:</td>
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<p><strong>Agricultural </strong><strong>University</strong><strong> of </strong><strong>Athens</strong><strong>, </strong>Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering (NRDAE)</p>
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<p>Institute acronym:</p>
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<p>AUA</p>
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<p>Institute profile:</p>
</td>
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<p>AUA is the third oldest University in Greece and the first devoted to Agriculture. The Department of NRDAE (one of the 7 departments of the AUA) has three sectors. The participating Sectors of: <em>Water Resources Management </em>and of <em> Soils and Agricultural Chemistry</em> have an over 50 years experience in successful international research including: water resources management, soil physics, surface and groundwater hydrology, water treatment and reuse, erosion, desertification, flood and drought management, natural resources management, policy analysis, field investigations of soil erosion parameters and impacts on land productivity, land evaluation and sustainable development, etc. Project team members have participated in the compilation of the «Greek National Action Plan for Combating Desertification» and in several major projects such as CORINE, WASTES, MEDALUS I, II, III, PESERA, DESERTLINKS, ARID, WSM, etc. AUA is coordinator of Research Theme 2 of the DESIRE project.</p>
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<p>Website</p>
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<p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.aua.gr/">www.aua.gr</a></p>
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<p>Address</p>
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<p>Agricultural University of Athens <br /> Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece<br /> Fax. +30210-5294081</p>
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<p>Institute logo</p>
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<p align="left"><strong><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image002.jpg.jpg" />ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ</strong><strong> </strong></p>
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<p>Institute image</p>
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<p align="left"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image004.jpg.jpg" height="150" width="201" /></p>
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<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Involved personnel</strong></p>
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<td valign="top" width="100"><em>Name</em></td>
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<p><em>Contact details</em></p>
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<p><em>Key qualifications</em></p>
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<p><em>Photo</em></p>
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<p>Prof. Christos A. Karavitis</p>
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<p>Tel: +30210 529 4073<br /> E-mail: ckaravitis@aua.gr</p>
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<p>Agric. & Civil Eng. Areas of specialization include Integrated Water Resources Management, Decision Support Systems in Natural Resources, Droughts, Flood and Risk Management, Indicators Methodology etc. He has participated as research leader in many research projects both in Europe and in USA</p>
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<td valign="top" width="144">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image006.jpg.jpg" /></p>
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<p>Prof. Constantinos Kosmas</p>
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<p>Tel: +30210 529 4097<br /> E-mail: lsos2kok@aua.gr</p>
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<p>He is a specialist in land resources, desertification, applied pedology and agricultural ecosystems. He has participated as research leader or project coordinator in many international research projects. He is the President of the Greek committee for combating desertification.</p>
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<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image008.jpg.jpg" /></p>
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<p>Prof. Nikolaos Moustakas</p>
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<p>Tel: +30210 529 4099 <br /> E-mail:<br /> nmoustakas@aua.gr</p>
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<p>Prof. in soils. His experience is focused on soil genesis and soil degradation especially in contamination by heavy metals and nitrates and desertification. He has involved in various research projects of land degradation and desertification.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="144">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image010.jpg.jpg" /></p>
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<p>Prof. Evan C. Vlachos</p>
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<p>Tel: +1 970 491 6089<br /> E-mail: evlachos@engr.colostate.edu</p>
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<p>Prof. of Sociology and Civil and Environmental Eng. and Assoc. Director Intern. School for Water Resources, Colorado State University, USA. He has consulted with the US Corps of Engineers, NATO, Unesco, and in a variety of countries, esp. in the Mediterranean and Middle East. His expertise is in IWRM, Droughts, Transboundary water problems, Public Participation, and Environmental Security</p>
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<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image012.jpg.jpg" /></p>
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<p>Aikaterine Kounalaki (M.Sc.)</p>
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<p> </p>
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<p>Expert in Public Relations and Media Communication. She is experienced in the design and implementation of training, educational, research and consulting programs in the field of public management.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="144">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/9_aua_7.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
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</tbody>
</table><table class="institute" border="0">
<tbody>
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<td valign="top" width="139">Institute full name:</td>
<td valign="top" width="468">
<p><strong>Agricultural </strong><strong>University</strong><strong> of </strong><strong>Athens</strong><strong>, </strong>Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering (NRDAE)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute acronym:</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="468">
<p>AUA</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute profile:</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="468">
<p>AUA is the third oldest University in Greece and the first devoted to Agriculture. The Department of NRDAE (one of the 7 departments of the AUA) has three sectors. The participating Sectors of: <em>Water Resources Management </em>and of <em> Soils and Agricultural Chemistry</em> have an over 50 years experience in successful international research including: water resources management, soil physics, surface and groundwater hydrology, water treatment and reuse, erosion, desertification, flood and drought management, natural resources management, policy analysis, field investigations of soil erosion parameters and impacts on land productivity, land evaluation and sustainable development, etc. Project team members have participated in the compilation of the «Greek National Action Plan for Combating Desertification» and in several major projects such as CORINE, WASTES, MEDALUS I, II, III, PESERA, DESERTLINKS, ARID, WSM, etc. AUA is coordinator of Research Theme 2 of the DESIRE project.</p>
</td>
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<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Website</p>
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<td valign="top" width="468">
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.aua.gr/">www.aua.gr</a></p>
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<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Address</p>
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<p>Agricultural University of Athens <br /> Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece<br /> Fax. +30210-5294081</p>
</td>
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<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute logo</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="468">
<p align="left"><strong><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image002.jpg.jpg" />ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ</strong><strong> </strong></p>
</td>
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<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute image</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="468">
<p align="left"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image004.jpg.jpg" height="150" width="201" /></p>
</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Involved personnel</strong></p>
<table class="institute" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="100"><em>Name</em></td>
<td valign="top" width="160">
<p><em>Contact details</em></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p><em>Key qualifications</em></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="144">
<p><em>Photo</em></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="100">
<p>Prof. Christos A. Karavitis</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="160">
<p>Tel: +30210 529 4073<br /> E-mail: ckaravitis@aua.gr</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Agric. & Civil Eng. Areas of specialization include Integrated Water Resources Management, Decision Support Systems in Natural Resources, Droughts, Flood and Risk Management, Indicators Methodology etc. He has participated as research leader in many research projects both in Europe and in USA</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="144">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image006.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="100">
<p>Prof. Constantinos Kosmas</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="160">
<p>Tel: +30210 529 4097<br /> E-mail: lsos2kok@aua.gr</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>He is a specialist in land resources, desertification, applied pedology and agricultural ecosystems. He has participated as research leader or project coordinator in many international research projects. He is the President of the Greek committee for combating desertification.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="144">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image008.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="100">
<p>Prof. Nikolaos Moustakas</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="160">
<p>Tel: +30210 529 4099 <br /> E-mail:<br /> nmoustakas@aua.gr</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Prof. in soils. His experience is focused on soil genesis and soil degradation especially in contamination by heavy metals and nitrates and desertification. He has involved in various research projects of land degradation and desertification.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="144">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image010.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="100">
<p>Prof. Evan C. Vlachos</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="160">
<p>Tel: +1 970 491 6089<br /> E-mail: evlachos@engr.colostate.edu</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Prof. of Sociology and Civil and Environmental Eng. and Assoc. Director Intern. School for Water Resources, Colorado State University, USA. He has consulted with the US Corps of Engineers, NATO, Unesco, and in a variety of countries, esp. in the Mediterranean and Middle East. His expertise is in IWRM, Droughts, Transboundary water problems, Public Participation, and Environmental Security</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="144">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/image012.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="100">
<p>Aikaterine Kounalaki (M.Sc.)</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="160">
<p> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Expert in Public Relations and Media Communication. She is experienced in the design and implementation of training, educational, research and consulting programs in the field of public management.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="144">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/9_aua_7.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>Study site location & description2007-07-10T13:40:44Z2007-07-10T13:40:44Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/crete-greece/41-crete-greece-study-site-descriptionJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>Two areas of the Crete were chosen for detailed study. The first was located in Chania, in the west of the island. The second was the Messara valley which is situated centrally but towards the southern coast.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>{mosgmap mapid=35|height=350px|zoomtype=small|showmaptype=true}</p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
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<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/fig8a.jpg" alt=" " height="80" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/fig17-1.jpg" alt=" " height="80" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig31a.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="80" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig30.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="80" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig8b.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="80" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>The island of Crete, covering an area of 8.261 square kilometers, is located in the southern part of Greece, in the Mediterranean sea. The eastern and central part of the island is already badly degraded and desertified, while the rest is highly sensitive to desertification. Soil erosion due to surface water runoff and tillage operations, collapse of terraces, overgrazing, and salinisation of lowland due to poorly drained soils, and overexploitation of ground water are the major processes of land degradation in the area.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The historical evolution of land uses in Crete has shown a dramatic increase in agricultural land in previous centuries by replacing forested land. Many of the areas that once supported natural vegetation and forests were cleared in order to sustain agriculture, but since measures of soil conservation were insufficient, these areas were severely eroded and degraded. Overgrazing and fires further destroyed the natural vegetation cover and prevented its regeneration. Now these areas are mainly unproductive, sparsely populated and desertified. The land has highly degraded mainly due to soil erosion and, under dry climatic conditions, vegetation growth and crop production has largely declined in those areas. Cultivation of highly degraded land is not economically feasible leading to land abandonment with adverse consequences.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Tending livestock is one of the main agricultural activities in the hilly and mountainous areas of the island. That type of land management is considered as the most important process of land degradation and desertification of hilly and mountainous areas. The process of land degradation is greatly accelerated by high animal densities that lead to vegetation degradation and soil compaction. Shepherds often damage natural vegetation by deliberately setting fires to eradicate vegetation and encourage the growth of new grass, which the animals then overgraze.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Water availability has become a major issue on the island due to increasing demands for irrigated agriculture and human consumption. The number of tourists visiting the island has significantly increased in the last two decades, raising the problem of better management of water resources. Flooding is another major issue for the flatter plain areas of the island. Steep slopes with shallow soils overlying consolidated bedrocks and poor vegetation cover favor high surface water runoff causing extensive flooding in the lowland.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The DESIRE project will identify all the processes and factors affecting land degradation in the island and sustainable measures will be defined for combating desertification in areas vulnerable to desertification such in olive groves, vineyards, pastures and intensively cultivated lowlands.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>read the full description and an overview of all study sites</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=264&Itemid=619&lang=en"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig15-1.jpg.jpg" alt=" " width="80" height="69" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_tick.gif" alt=" " width="16" height="16" /><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/wimba/SSD%20Crete%2c%20Greece/index.htm" target="_blank"><strong>Read full study description</strong></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" colspan="2"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=264&Itemid=619&lang=en"><strong>»Comparative overview of all study sites</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><p>Two areas of the Crete were chosen for detailed study. The first was located in Chania, in the west of the island. The second was the Messara valley which is situated centrally but towards the southern coast.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>{mosgmap mapid=35|height=350px|zoomtype=small|showmaptype=true}</p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/fig8a.jpg" alt=" " height="80" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/fig17-1.jpg" alt=" " height="80" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig31a.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="80" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig30.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="80" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig8b.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="80" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>The island of Crete, covering an area of 8.261 square kilometers, is located in the southern part of Greece, in the Mediterranean sea. The eastern and central part of the island is already badly degraded and desertified, while the rest is highly sensitive to desertification. Soil erosion due to surface water runoff and tillage operations, collapse of terraces, overgrazing, and salinisation of lowland due to poorly drained soils, and overexploitation of ground water are the major processes of land degradation in the area.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The historical evolution of land uses in Crete has shown a dramatic increase in agricultural land in previous centuries by replacing forested land. Many of the areas that once supported natural vegetation and forests were cleared in order to sustain agriculture, but since measures of soil conservation were insufficient, these areas were severely eroded and degraded. Overgrazing and fires further destroyed the natural vegetation cover and prevented its regeneration. Now these areas are mainly unproductive, sparsely populated and desertified. The land has highly degraded mainly due to soil erosion and, under dry climatic conditions, vegetation growth and crop production has largely declined in those areas. Cultivation of highly degraded land is not economically feasible leading to land abandonment with adverse consequences.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Tending livestock is one of the main agricultural activities in the hilly and mountainous areas of the island. That type of land management is considered as the most important process of land degradation and desertification of hilly and mountainous areas. The process of land degradation is greatly accelerated by high animal densities that lead to vegetation degradation and soil compaction. Shepherds often damage natural vegetation by deliberately setting fires to eradicate vegetation and encourage the growth of new grass, which the animals then overgraze.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Water availability has become a major issue on the island due to increasing demands for irrigated agriculture and human consumption. The number of tourists visiting the island has significantly increased in the last two decades, raising the problem of better management of water resources. Flooding is another major issue for the flatter plain areas of the island. Steep slopes with shallow soils overlying consolidated bedrocks and poor vegetation cover favor high surface water runoff causing extensive flooding in the lowland.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The DESIRE project will identify all the processes and factors affecting land degradation in the island and sustainable measures will be defined for combating desertification in areas vulnerable to desertification such in olive groves, vineyards, pastures and intensively cultivated lowlands.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>read the full description and an overview of all study sites</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=264&Itemid=619&lang=en"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig15-1.jpg.jpg" alt=" " width="80" height="69" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_tick.gif" alt=" " width="16" height="16" /><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/wimba/SSD%20Crete%2c%20Greece/index.htm" target="_blank"><strong>Read full study description</strong></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" colspan="2"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=264&Itemid=619&lang=en"><strong>»Comparative overview of all study sites</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>Stakeholders and their sustainability goals2011-11-08T14:07:53Z2011-11-08T14:07:53Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/crete-greece/660-stakeholders-and-their-sustainability-goalsJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p><strong>Study site stakeholder workshops</strong><br />Various stakeholders took part in the study site workshop, including farmers, village officials, scientists, teachers and various inhabitants of the study area.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Stakeholder groups</strong><br />The groups of stakeholders and actors that are involved with or are directly influenced by the decision-making process are:</p>
<ul>
<li>The Ministry of Rural Development and Foods,</li>
<li>The Ministry of Planning, Public Works and Environment</li>
<li>The Ministry of Internal Affairs</li>
<li>The four Prefectures of Chania, Rethymo, Heraklion, and Lasithi</li>
<li>The General Administration of Crete (Periphery)</li>
<li>The OADYK – Organization for the Development of Western Crete</li>
<li>The OANAK- Organization of Water Resources Management of Eastern Crete</li>
<li>The Union of Agricultural Associations</li>
<li>The ISPOT - Institute of Olive Tress and Subtropical Plants of Chania (NAGREF)</li>
<li>The Institute of Vines, Vegetables and Flowers of Heraklion (NAGREF).</li>
<li>National Agricultural Research Foundation –NAGREF ,</li>
<li>The Institute of Plant Protection of Heraklion (NAGREF)</li>
<li>The Municipality of Agia Barbara</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Sustainability Goals</strong></p>
<p>The analysis of the sustainability goals for protecting natural resources from land degradation and desertification was conducted following two main approaches: (a) farm survey, and (b) stakeholder workshop. The purpose of the farm survey was to collect data on indicators (Research Theme 2) and to discuss with individual farmers possible sustainability goals for environmental protection. The farm survey included informal discussions with the farmers related to: (a) the physical condition of the farm and the problems faced in crop production and loss in land productivity, (b) the impacts of land degradation and desertification on the physical environment and on the social and economical characteristics of the area, and (c) the possible actions and goals for protection and restoration of natural resources. The farm survey was conducted in two dominant land use types: (a) agricultural crops (olives and vines) and (b) and pastures. Forests are also important land uses in the island but these areas are strictly controlled by public agencies.</p>
<p>These 7 sustainability goals were selected from 11 identified goals of sustainability for the study site of Crete. Considering the most important processes of degradation and existing actions or trends for sustainable use of natural resources more widely accepted by the local society, these 7 sustainability goals for land protection from desertification have been identified and proposed.</p>
<p><br />
<table style="width: 100%;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df; width: 10%;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 1</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Policy enforcement of existing regulations on protection of natural resources</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 2</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Awareness and technology dissemination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 3</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Sustainable management of grazing land</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 4</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Preservation of olive plantations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 5</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Water conservation and increasing water availability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 6</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Promotion of organic farming</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 7</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Delineation and protection of productive agricultural soils</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... <br /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/Crete%20annex%20cover.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p> </p>
<p>A more detailed analysis for this study site.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/download-documents/doc_download/252-wp14-crete-stakeholder-analysis-and-sustainability-goals-annex">Crete - Stakeholder analysis and sustainability goals (Annex)</a></strong> [111 kB]</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;"> <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp14-stakeholders-a-sustainability-thematicmenu-168">»Stakeholders & their sustainability goals - overview</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><p><strong>Study site stakeholder workshops</strong><br />Various stakeholders took part in the study site workshop, including farmers, village officials, scientists, teachers and various inhabitants of the study area.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Stakeholder groups</strong><br />The groups of stakeholders and actors that are involved with or are directly influenced by the decision-making process are:</p>
<ul>
<li>The Ministry of Rural Development and Foods,</li>
<li>The Ministry of Planning, Public Works and Environment</li>
<li>The Ministry of Internal Affairs</li>
<li>The four Prefectures of Chania, Rethymo, Heraklion, and Lasithi</li>
<li>The General Administration of Crete (Periphery)</li>
<li>The OADYK – Organization for the Development of Western Crete</li>
<li>The OANAK- Organization of Water Resources Management of Eastern Crete</li>
<li>The Union of Agricultural Associations</li>
<li>The ISPOT - Institute of Olive Tress and Subtropical Plants of Chania (NAGREF)</li>
<li>The Institute of Vines, Vegetables and Flowers of Heraklion (NAGREF).</li>
<li>National Agricultural Research Foundation –NAGREF ,</li>
<li>The Institute of Plant Protection of Heraklion (NAGREF)</li>
<li>The Municipality of Agia Barbara</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Sustainability Goals</strong></p>
<p>The analysis of the sustainability goals for protecting natural resources from land degradation and desertification was conducted following two main approaches: (a) farm survey, and (b) stakeholder workshop. The purpose of the farm survey was to collect data on indicators (Research Theme 2) and to discuss with individual farmers possible sustainability goals for environmental protection. The farm survey included informal discussions with the farmers related to: (a) the physical condition of the farm and the problems faced in crop production and loss in land productivity, (b) the impacts of land degradation and desertification on the physical environment and on the social and economical characteristics of the area, and (c) the possible actions and goals for protection and restoration of natural resources. The farm survey was conducted in two dominant land use types: (a) agricultural crops (olives and vines) and (b) and pastures. Forests are also important land uses in the island but these areas are strictly controlled by public agencies.</p>
<p>These 7 sustainability goals were selected from 11 identified goals of sustainability for the study site of Crete. Considering the most important processes of degradation and existing actions or trends for sustainable use of natural resources more widely accepted by the local society, these 7 sustainability goals for land protection from desertification have been identified and proposed.</p>
<p><br />
<table style="width: 100%;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df; width: 10%;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 1</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Policy enforcement of existing regulations on protection of natural resources</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 2</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Awareness and technology dissemination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 3</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Sustainable management of grazing land</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 4</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Preservation of olive plantations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 5</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Water conservation and increasing water availability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 6</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Promotion of organic farming</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 7</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"> Delineation and protection of productive agricultural soils</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... <br /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/Crete%20annex%20cover.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p> </p>
<p>A more detailed analysis for this study site.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/download-documents/doc_download/252-wp14-crete-stakeholder-analysis-and-sustainability-goals-annex">Crete - Stakeholder analysis and sustainability goals (Annex)</a></strong> [111 kB]</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;"> <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp14-stakeholders-a-sustainability-thematicmenu-168">»Stakeholders & their sustainability goals - overview</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Drivers, policies and laws2011-11-08T14:14:36Z2011-11-08T14:14:36Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/crete-greece/661-drivers-policies-and-laws-Jane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.comThe reasons for desertification and land degradation occurring can be environmental (for example due to the climate or soil conditions), economic, due to the actions of people or, most often, due to a combination of factors. The resulting degradation may be temporary or permanent.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>To help understand this complex picture it can be helpful to think in terms the dominant socio-economic and environmental forces that are <strong>driving</strong> the process of land degradation. These place <strong>pressures</strong> on the land which have particular <strong>impacts</strong>. Human society may have already made <strong>responses</strong> to those impacts, or may have knowledge about how they could respond. Decisions about which responses to make may also be governed by a range of international, national or local <strong>policy</strong> regulations and agreements.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In the Crete study site, the same stakeholder workshop and questionnaires that were used to identify existing and potential response strategies (<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/crete-greece/193-stakeholder-workshop-1-crete-greece">»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder workshop 1</a></strong>) also discussed and identified these driving forces; pressures; impacts; and the policy and regulation environment. This information was then used to inform the choice of <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/crete-greece/287-site-implementation-plan-crete-greece">»Field experiments</a></strong> and the scenarios used in <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/crete-greece/664-simulated-biophysical-impact-of-remediation-strategies-and-their-financial-viability-">»Simulated biophysical impact of remediation strategies and their financial viability</a></strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="150" width="600">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" height="150" valign="top" width="565">
<script language="JavaScript">
function computeTech(form1){
// Initialise variables
var studysite="0";
// set variables
studysite=form1.elements[0].value;
// identify technology class
var technology1="none";
var technology2="none";
var technology3="none";
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if(studysite=="1"){
technology1="Due to introduction of mechanization, part of the of the steeper mountain slopes have been abandoned for use, low profitability due to low market prices, high land fragmentation leads to less land care, ageing population in rural areas, tourism is an important sector and attracts labor at the cost of agriculture (young people), about a quarter of the population is working in the primary sector (agriculture/ fisheries), farmers' income is decreasing and people depend on subsidies (CAP) and community funds.";
technology2="Ploughing in olive groves (in 26% of the area) and vineyards, soil erodibility is highly dependant on soil parent material, natural vegetation is replaced in the upper hilly areas by intense cultivation of olives, land uses with erosive effects (decreasing effect): vine> eucalyptus> wheat> shrubland>olive, vine cultivation declined due to phylloxera infestation, olive is highly adapted to Mediterranean conditions, high desertification risk co-determined by topography, climate, and poor vegetative cover.";
technology3="Land abandonment on the steep slopes due to low productivity.";
technology4="Soil erosion.";
technology5="**";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
if(studysite=="2"){
technology1="Due to requirement for CAP fund access, farmers sometimes apply practices where conditions are not suitable, leading to desertification.";
technology2="**";
technology3="**";
technology4="Soil compaction.";
technology5="**";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
if(studysite=="3"){
technology1="Irrigation and consumption in tourist season, urban development - especially in the coastal area, increasing horticulture, drip irrigation is applied in olive and citrus groves and avocado plantations, increasing urban area into agricultural land.";
technology2="Low water recharge due to high evapotranspiration.";
technology3="Rainfall decreasing in Chania area creating water deficit, rainfall is characterized by uneven spatial and temporal distribution.";
technology4="Intrusion of sea water into aquifer system in Messara valley.";
technology5="Drip irrigation.";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
if(studysite=="4"){
technology1="There is a lack of enforcement of regulations.";
technology2="Number of goats and sheep have doubled over past 30 years while number of cows was stable, pasture systems exist with highly specific spatial and temporal patterns related.";
technology3="Decrease in lower vegetation species, soil wash through rills.";
technology4="Soil erosion.";
technology5="**";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
if(studysite=="5"){
technology1="Forests are mainly publicly owned, fire is provoked to clear forest for pasture or cultivation land, relatively low population density except for large cities, land ownership is an important factor; rented lands are less well managed and more degraded.";
technology2="**";
technology3="**";
technology4="Biodiversity decline, soil erosion.";
technology5="**";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
if(studysite=="6"){
technology1="Lack of coordinated planning is a limitation for multi-sectoral issues and limits policy implementation impact. Forest protections law exist but are not adequately enforced at municipal level.";
technology2="**";
technology3="Overgrazing, rangeland degradation. Forest are not restored after burning but used for property development.";
technology4="Soil erosion, soil sealing, biodiversity decline.";
technology5="**";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
form1.technology1.value=technology1;
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</script> <form action="" method="post" name="bysite">
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<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="22%">
<b>Select main driver</b></td>
<td align="left" width="78%">
<select name="studysite"><option value="1">Inadequate land management</option><option value="2">Land access with heavy equipment</option><option value="3">Overexploitation of groundwater</option><option value="4">Overgrazing</option><option value="5">Forest fires</option><option value="6">Lack of enforcement of existing laws</option></select> <input name="Calculate" onclick="computeTech(this.form)" type="button" value="Go" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Socio-economic drivers</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology1" rows="5"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Environmental drivers</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology2" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Pressures</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology3" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Impacts</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology4" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Responses</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology5" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Policies</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology6" rows="12"></textarea></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</form>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp13-drivers-a-policy-thematicmenu-167"><strong>»Drivers and policy context for all study sites</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>The reasons for desertification and land degradation occurring can be environmental (for example due to the climate or soil conditions), economic, due to the actions of people or, most often, due to a combination of factors. The resulting degradation may be temporary or permanent.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>To help understand this complex picture it can be helpful to think in terms the dominant socio-economic and environmental forces that are <strong>driving</strong> the process of land degradation. These place <strong>pressures</strong> on the land which have particular <strong>impacts</strong>. Human society may have already made <strong>responses</strong> to those impacts, or may have knowledge about how they could respond. Decisions about which responses to make may also be governed by a range of international, national or local <strong>policy</strong> regulations and agreements.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In the Crete study site, the same stakeholder workshop and questionnaires that were used to identify existing and potential response strategies (<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/crete-greece/193-stakeholder-workshop-1-crete-greece">»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder workshop 1</a></strong>) also discussed and identified these driving forces; pressures; impacts; and the policy and regulation environment. This information was then used to inform the choice of <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/crete-greece/287-site-implementation-plan-crete-greece">»Field experiments</a></strong> and the scenarios used in <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/crete-greece/664-simulated-biophysical-impact-of-remediation-strategies-and-their-financial-viability-">»Simulated biophysical impact of remediation strategies and their financial viability</a></strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="150" width="600">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" height="150" valign="top" width="565">
<script language="JavaScript">
function computeTech(form1){
// Initialise variables
var studysite="0";
// set variables
studysite=form1.elements[0].value;
// identify technology class
var technology1="none";
var technology2="none";
var technology3="none";
var technology4="none";
var technology5="none";
var technology6="none";
if(studysite=="1"){
technology1="Due to introduction of mechanization, part of the of the steeper mountain slopes have been abandoned for use, low profitability due to low market prices, high land fragmentation leads to less land care, ageing population in rural areas, tourism is an important sector and attracts labor at the cost of agriculture (young people), about a quarter of the population is working in the primary sector (agriculture/ fisheries), farmers' income is decreasing and people depend on subsidies (CAP) and community funds.";
technology2="Ploughing in olive groves (in 26% of the area) and vineyards, soil erodibility is highly dependant on soil parent material, natural vegetation is replaced in the upper hilly areas by intense cultivation of olives, land uses with erosive effects (decreasing effect): vine> eucalyptus> wheat> shrubland>olive, vine cultivation declined due to phylloxera infestation, olive is highly adapted to Mediterranean conditions, high desertification risk co-determined by topography, climate, and poor vegetative cover.";
technology3="Land abandonment on the steep slopes due to low productivity.";
technology4="Soil erosion.";
technology5="**";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
if(studysite=="2"){
technology1="Due to requirement for CAP fund access, farmers sometimes apply practices where conditions are not suitable, leading to desertification.";
technology2="**";
technology3="**";
technology4="Soil compaction.";
technology5="**";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
if(studysite=="3"){
technology1="Irrigation and consumption in tourist season, urban development - especially in the coastal area, increasing horticulture, drip irrigation is applied in olive and citrus groves and avocado plantations, increasing urban area into agricultural land.";
technology2="Low water recharge due to high evapotranspiration.";
technology3="Rainfall decreasing in Chania area creating water deficit, rainfall is characterized by uneven spatial and temporal distribution.";
technology4="Intrusion of sea water into aquifer system in Messara valley.";
technology5="Drip irrigation.";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
if(studysite=="4"){
technology1="There is a lack of enforcement of regulations.";
technology2="Number of goats and sheep have doubled over past 30 years while number of cows was stable, pasture systems exist with highly specific spatial and temporal patterns related.";
technology3="Decrease in lower vegetation species, soil wash through rills.";
technology4="Soil erosion.";
technology5="**";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
if(studysite=="5"){
technology1="Forests are mainly publicly owned, fire is provoked to clear forest for pasture or cultivation land, relatively low population density except for large cities, land ownership is an important factor; rented lands are less well managed and more degraded.";
technology2="**";
technology3="**";
technology4="Biodiversity decline, soil erosion.";
technology5="**";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
if(studysite=="6"){
technology1="Lack of coordinated planning is a limitation for multi-sectoral issues and limits policy implementation impact. Forest protections law exist but are not adequately enforced at municipal level.";
technology2="**";
technology3="Overgrazing, rangeland degradation. Forest are not restored after burning but used for property development.";
technology4="Soil erosion, soil sealing, biodiversity decline.";
technology5="**";
technology6="(1)Regulation 24/1975 (protection of natural resources) (2)Regulation 117/1975 (restoration of burned forest) (3)Regulation 92/43/EU NATURA 2000 (establishment of protected areas) (4)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (5)Structural Funds (SF) (6)Cohesion funds (CF) (7)Tourism policies (8)Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification (GNCCS) (9)Law 2486, ratification of UNCCD (10)National action plan for combating desertification (11)Adaptation of GNAP, 2001, decision 99605/3719 that orders ministries to incorporate GNAP measures into their planning (12)Establishment of a central water authority to coordinate water policies (13)Establishment of a working group for connectivity of policy on water and CAP. It aims to define measure for implementation of the Water framework directive. (14)Law 2742/1999 on 'Planning and sustainable development', ministers' decision (100949/2478) for Codes of Good Agricultural Practices containing general obligations to farmers. (15)Ministers' Decision (85167/820) for Codes of Good Practice for the protection of Ground Water by Nitrogen Pollution of Agricultural Origin. (16)Investment in capacity for extension services (law 3377, off. Gazette 255/17/ 4/2005 - A') through which 650 new staff positions were created.";
}
form1.technology1.value=technology1;
form1.technology2.value=technology2;
form1.technology3.value=technology3;
form1.technology4.value=technology4;
form1.technology5.value=technology5;
form1.technology6.value=technology6;
return;
}
</script> <form action="" method="post" name="bysite">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="22%">
<b>Select main driver</b></td>
<td align="left" width="78%">
<select name="studysite"><option value="1">Inadequate land management</option><option value="2">Land access with heavy equipment</option><option value="3">Overexploitation of groundwater</option><option value="4">Overgrazing</option><option value="5">Forest fires</option><option value="6">Lack of enforcement of existing laws</option></select> <input name="Calculate" onclick="computeTech(this.form)" type="button" value="Go" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Socio-economic drivers</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology1" rows="5"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Environmental drivers</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology2" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Pressures</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology3" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Impacts</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology4" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Responses</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology5" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Policies</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology6" rows="12"></textarea></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</form>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp13-drivers-a-policy-thematicmenu-167"><strong>»Drivers and policy context for all study sites</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Gender-related issues2011-03-03T14:10:50Z2011-03-03T14:10:50Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/crete-greece/562-gender-related-issuesJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" src="http://www.scribd.com/embeds/49934670/content?start_page=1&view_mode=list&access_key=key-1g60g3ir6x8s2tjhdghr" data-auto-height="false" data-aspect-ratio="0.75" scrolling="no" id="doc_57125" width="590" height="500" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download the poster</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc; width: 5%;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/Gender_matters_Crete.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/download-documents/doc_download/204-gender-related-issues-crete"><strong>Gender-related issues: Crete</strong></a> [66 kB]</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><p><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" src="http://www.scribd.com/embeds/49934670/content?start_page=1&view_mode=list&access_key=key-1g60g3ir6x8s2tjhdghr" data-auto-height="false" data-aspect-ratio="0.75" scrolling="no" id="doc_57125" width="590" height="500" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download the poster</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc; width: 5%;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/Gender_matters_Crete.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/download-documents/doc_download/204-gender-related-issues-crete"><strong>Gender-related issues: Crete</strong></a> [66 kB]</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Land degradation and conservation maps2009-06-08T12:55:08Z2009-06-08T12:55:08Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/crete-greece/268-land-degradation-and-conservation-mapsJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>
The WOCAT tool for mapping land degradation and sustainable land management has been used in the Crete study site. Using the tool, an interdisciplinary team of specialists has recorded observations of land degradation, sustainable land management and recommendations for further prevention or mitigation on a land use base map. </p>
<p> </p>
<script language="JavaScript">
function computemap(form1){
// Initialise variables
var mapchoice="0";
// set variables
mapchoice=form1.elements[0].value;
// identify comment class
var comment="none";
var map= "none";
if(mapchoice=="1"){
comment="The present vegetation of Crete is typical of the eastern Mediterranean and is adapted to the dry climatic conditions of this region. Olive and vine plantations are the main land use, at present covering a great part of the lowlands and hilly areas, but also parts of the uplands. Over the last 4 decades olive groves have greatly expanded, eliminating the maquis and shrubby vegetation. Today they cover more than 80% of area. Vine plantations greatly declined during 1960s due to the destruction by phylloxera. New plantations, more resistance to phylochera have appeared in the area since then. Greenhouses are mainly located in the lower part of the valley where climatic conditions are more favourable for growing vegetables.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/1.messara_landuse.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="3"){
comment="Among the most important land degradation processes are soil erosion, soil salinization and land desertification. Soil erosion is mainly attributed to the climatic conditions, to topographic characteristics and to the generally moderate vegetation cover. This process is greatly accelerated by human activity, primarily agricultural tillage and grazing pressure. Crete has subjected to overexploitation of natural resources for a long period. Large scale deforestation of the sloping lands accompanied by intensive cultivation and overgrazing resulted in accelerated erosion and the formation of badlands. Based on the land desertification risk map of Greece compiled by the Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification, more than 50 of the island is characterized by high desertification risk. In the last decades, favourable soil and climatic conditions and the availability of ground or surface water has resulted in intensive farming of the lowland of Messara valley. The rapid development resulted in the over-exploitation of the aquifers causing gradual intrusion of brackish water. Soil salinization is a potential desertification threat for lands located manly along the coast characterised by high xerothermic climatic indices. Moreover, as tourism continuously grows, water allocation will be shifted towards domestic consumption further deteriorating soil salinization.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/3.messara_landuse_intensity_trend.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="5"){
comment="Among the most important land degradation processes are soil erosion, soil salinization and land desertification. Soil erosion is mainly attributed to the climatic conditions, to topographic characteristics and to the generally moderate vegetation cover. This process is greatly accelerated by human activity, primarily agricultural tillage and grazing pressure. Crete has subjected to overexploitation of natural resources for a long period. Large scale deforestation of the sloping lands accompanied by intensive cultivation and overgrazing resulted in accelerated erosion and the formation of badlands. Based on the land desertification risk map of Greece compiled by the Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification, more than 50 of the island is characterized by high desertification risk. In the last decades, favourable soil and climatic conditions and the availability of ground or surface water has resulted in intensive farming of the lowland of Messara valley. The rapid development resulted in the over-exploitation of the aquifers causing gradual intrusion of brackish water. Soil salinization is a potential desertification threat for lands located manly along the coast characterised by high xerothermic climatic indices. Moreover, as tourism continuously grows, water allocation will be shifted towards domestic consumption further deteriorating soil salinization.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/5.messara_degradation_total_extent.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="6"){
comment="Based on the soil survey conducted in the area, soils are mainly characterized as subjected to moderately to severely eroded, covering 34.1% and 21.3% of the area, respectively. Slightly eroded areas cover 12% of the total area. Based on the stage of land degradation and the sensitivity to desertification, four categories of environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) are found in the hilly area of Messara valley. The most widespread are fragile areas, covering 64.6% of the total. Critical areas cover 25.2%, potential 9.8% and non-threatened 0.4%.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/6.messara_degradation_degree_by_area.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="7"){
comment="The erosion rates estimated by the PESERA model cover a wide range depending on topography, soil, vegetation cover, and land management characteristics. The dominant estimated class of soil erosion is 2-5 t ha-1 yr-1. High erosion rates (greater than 10 t ha-1 yr-1) are mainly estimated in areas with very steep slopes, low plant cover (new olive groves, bare land, degraded pastures) and shallow soils. Plain or slightly sloping areas (slope gradient less than 6%) that are well vegetated are calculated to have no erosion or slight erosion rates. In addition to water erosion, tillage erosion is very important in sloping cultivated areas. Using the TERON methodology, the average soil loss due to tillage erosion is estimated to be in the range 0.5 to 3.7 mm per year.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/7.messara_degradation_rate_by_area.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="8"){
comment="Land conservation groups are either related to agriculture or livestock. The agricultural conservation practices are related to cultivation (such as no tillage or minimum tillage), to construction of terraces, and to the use of appropriate irrigation systems for conserving water. Land conservation practices in pastures are affected by the physical environment (topography, altitude, soil depth) and socio-economic characteristics (subsidies, family size, area of grazing land). The main conservation practice, partially applied in the area, is the transhumance grazing system in which the animals are daily removed from hills to valleys, or seasonally to the mountains for summer grazing.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/8.messara_conservation_groups.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="10"){
comment="Land management practices related to land conservation in agricultural areas can be summarized as following: (i) keeping olive plantations under minimum or no tillage operations; (ii) abandonment of olive groves in steep soils of low productivity, allowing the natural vegetation to regrow; (iii) reduced irrigation in citrus plantations and olive groves due to limited water availability and the application of drip irrigation to conserve water; (iv) building terraces on steep slopes and planting olive trees. The no till or minimum tillage land management is the most important practice for land conservation used in the area. Under such conditions of sustainable farming, the weed Oxalis pescaprae is the main understory vegetation in olive groves. Oxalis effectively protects soil from raindrop impact, reducing soil erosion in nill values in sloping areas. Furthermore, oxalis has a positive effect on water conservation since it reduces soil water evaporation. Land conservation in grazing land related to transhumance grazing systems operates at a variety of spatial and temporal scales and degrees of complexity. Animals are not allowed to graze part of the land especially during the winter period, favouring plant growth and protection of soil from water erosion. Such land management practice is effective under large farm sizes in which farmer has the possibility to keep the animals in different places. ";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/10.messara_cons_measures.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="11"){
comment="The effectiveness of land conservation measures is related to land and socio-economic characteristics. Areas under adverse characteristics (such as relatively shallow soils in steep terrain with high aridity indices) impose high limitations on plant growth, famers' income, and effectiveness of land conservation measures. Furthermore, tradition is highly influential on land management practice changes. Olives are particularly highly adaptated and resistant to long term droughts and support a remarkable diversity of flora and fauna (even higher than some natural ecosystems). Olive groves under no tillage or minimum tillage land management practice with oxalis growing as the understory vegetation can sufficiently protect the soil from raindrop impact, restricting soil erosion and land degradation. Field experiments conducted during the execution of DESIRE have shown that olive groves under minimum tillage compared to olive groves under tillage exhibit: (a) high reduction in rain water runoff and sediment loss, (b) greater amounts of water stored into the soil, (c) higher biodiversity, and (d) lower desertification risk. ";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/11.messara_cons_eff_by_area.jpg";
}
form1.comment.value=comment;
//form1.map.value=map;
document["mymap"].src = map;
return;
}
</script> <form action="" method="post" name="bysite">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="22%">
<b>Select map type</b></td>
<td align="left" width="78%">
<select name="mapchoice">
<option value="1">Land use: type</option>
<option value="3">Land use: intensity trend</option>
<option value="5">Degradation: extent</option>
<option value="6">Degradation: degree</option>
<option value="7">Degradation: rate</option>
<option value="8">Land conservation: groups</option>
<option value="10">Land conservation: measures</option>
<option value="11">Land conservation: effectiveness</option>
</select>
<input name="Calculate" onclick="computemap(this.form)" type="button" value="Go" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<b>Comments</b></td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="76" name="comment" rows="6">The present vegetation of Crete is typical of the eastern Mediterranean and is adapted to the dry climatic conditions of this region. Olive and vine plantations are the main land use, at present covering a great part of the lowlands and hilly areas, but also parts of the uplands. Over the last 4 decades olive groves have greatly expanded, eliminating the maquis and shrubby vegetation. Today they cover more than 80% of area. Vine plantations greatly declined during 1960s due to the destruction by phylloxera. New plantations, more resistance to phylochera have appeared in the area since then. Greenhouses are mainly located in the lower part of the valley where climatic conditions are more favourable for growing vegetables.</textarea></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<img alt="" name="mymap" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/1.messara_landuse.jpg" width="595" />
</form>
<p style="text-align: right;"><em>Map version: 4Oct11</em></p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 100%;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Typical%20Cretan%20landscape.jpg" height="125" /></td>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/New%20olive%20plantation.jpg.jpg" height="125" /></td>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Olive%20plantation%20under%20minimum%20tillage.jpg.jpg" height="125" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><em>Typical landscape for the Crete study site covered by olives, vines and pastures in the upper zones.</em></td>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><em>New olive plantations subjected to high erosion rates.</em></td>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><em>Olive plantation under minimum tillage land management practice.</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" style="width: 595px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;">
<span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;">
<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=14&Itemid=166&lang=en">»Assessment and mapping methodology; summary results from all study sites</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><p> </p><p>
The WOCAT tool for mapping land degradation and sustainable land management has been used in the Crete study site. Using the tool, an interdisciplinary team of specialists has recorded observations of land degradation, sustainable land management and recommendations for further prevention or mitigation on a land use base map. </p>
<p> </p>
<script language="JavaScript">
function computemap(form1){
// Initialise variables
var mapchoice="0";
// set variables
mapchoice=form1.elements[0].value;
// identify comment class
var comment="none";
var map= "none";
if(mapchoice=="1"){
comment="The present vegetation of Crete is typical of the eastern Mediterranean and is adapted to the dry climatic conditions of this region. Olive and vine plantations are the main land use, at present covering a great part of the lowlands and hilly areas, but also parts of the uplands. Over the last 4 decades olive groves have greatly expanded, eliminating the maquis and shrubby vegetation. Today they cover more than 80% of area. Vine plantations greatly declined during 1960s due to the destruction by phylloxera. New plantations, more resistance to phylochera have appeared in the area since then. Greenhouses are mainly located in the lower part of the valley where climatic conditions are more favourable for growing vegetables.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/1.messara_landuse.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="3"){
comment="Among the most important land degradation processes are soil erosion, soil salinization and land desertification. Soil erosion is mainly attributed to the climatic conditions, to topographic characteristics and to the generally moderate vegetation cover. This process is greatly accelerated by human activity, primarily agricultural tillage and grazing pressure. Crete has subjected to overexploitation of natural resources for a long period. Large scale deforestation of the sloping lands accompanied by intensive cultivation and overgrazing resulted in accelerated erosion and the formation of badlands. Based on the land desertification risk map of Greece compiled by the Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification, more than 50 of the island is characterized by high desertification risk. In the last decades, favourable soil and climatic conditions and the availability of ground or surface water has resulted in intensive farming of the lowland of Messara valley. The rapid development resulted in the over-exploitation of the aquifers causing gradual intrusion of brackish water. Soil salinization is a potential desertification threat for lands located manly along the coast characterised by high xerothermic climatic indices. Moreover, as tourism continuously grows, water allocation will be shifted towards domestic consumption further deteriorating soil salinization.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/3.messara_landuse_intensity_trend.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="5"){
comment="Among the most important land degradation processes are soil erosion, soil salinization and land desertification. Soil erosion is mainly attributed to the climatic conditions, to topographic characteristics and to the generally moderate vegetation cover. This process is greatly accelerated by human activity, primarily agricultural tillage and grazing pressure. Crete has subjected to overexploitation of natural resources for a long period. Large scale deforestation of the sloping lands accompanied by intensive cultivation and overgrazing resulted in accelerated erosion and the formation of badlands. Based on the land desertification risk map of Greece compiled by the Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification, more than 50 of the island is characterized by high desertification risk. In the last decades, favourable soil and climatic conditions and the availability of ground or surface water has resulted in intensive farming of the lowland of Messara valley. The rapid development resulted in the over-exploitation of the aquifers causing gradual intrusion of brackish water. Soil salinization is a potential desertification threat for lands located manly along the coast characterised by high xerothermic climatic indices. Moreover, as tourism continuously grows, water allocation will be shifted towards domestic consumption further deteriorating soil salinization.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/5.messara_degradation_total_extent.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="6"){
comment="Based on the soil survey conducted in the area, soils are mainly characterized as subjected to moderately to severely eroded, covering 34.1% and 21.3% of the area, respectively. Slightly eroded areas cover 12% of the total area. Based on the stage of land degradation and the sensitivity to desertification, four categories of environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) are found in the hilly area of Messara valley. The most widespread are fragile areas, covering 64.6% of the total. Critical areas cover 25.2%, potential 9.8% and non-threatened 0.4%.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/6.messara_degradation_degree_by_area.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="7"){
comment="The erosion rates estimated by the PESERA model cover a wide range depending on topography, soil, vegetation cover, and land management characteristics. The dominant estimated class of soil erosion is 2-5 t ha-1 yr-1. High erosion rates (greater than 10 t ha-1 yr-1) are mainly estimated in areas with very steep slopes, low plant cover (new olive groves, bare land, degraded pastures) and shallow soils. Plain or slightly sloping areas (slope gradient less than 6%) that are well vegetated are calculated to have no erosion or slight erosion rates. In addition to water erosion, tillage erosion is very important in sloping cultivated areas. Using the TERON methodology, the average soil loss due to tillage erosion is estimated to be in the range 0.5 to 3.7 mm per year.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/7.messara_degradation_rate_by_area.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="8"){
comment="Land conservation groups are either related to agriculture or livestock. The agricultural conservation practices are related to cultivation (such as no tillage or minimum tillage), to construction of terraces, and to the use of appropriate irrigation systems for conserving water. Land conservation practices in pastures are affected by the physical environment (topography, altitude, soil depth) and socio-economic characteristics (subsidies, family size, area of grazing land). The main conservation practice, partially applied in the area, is the transhumance grazing system in which the animals are daily removed from hills to valleys, or seasonally to the mountains for summer grazing.";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/8.messara_conservation_groups.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="10"){
comment="Land management practices related to land conservation in agricultural areas can be summarized as following: (i) keeping olive plantations under minimum or no tillage operations; (ii) abandonment of olive groves in steep soils of low productivity, allowing the natural vegetation to regrow; (iii) reduced irrigation in citrus plantations and olive groves due to limited water availability and the application of drip irrigation to conserve water; (iv) building terraces on steep slopes and planting olive trees. The no till or minimum tillage land management is the most important practice for land conservation used in the area. Under such conditions of sustainable farming, the weed Oxalis pescaprae is the main understory vegetation in olive groves. Oxalis effectively protects soil from raindrop impact, reducing soil erosion in nill values in sloping areas. Furthermore, oxalis has a positive effect on water conservation since it reduces soil water evaporation. Land conservation in grazing land related to transhumance grazing systems operates at a variety of spatial and temporal scales and degrees of complexity. Animals are not allowed to graze part of the land especially during the winter period, favouring plant growth and protection of soil from water erosion. Such land management practice is effective under large farm sizes in which farmer has the possibility to keep the animals in different places. ";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/10.messara_cons_measures.jpg";
}
if(mapchoice=="11"){
comment="The effectiveness of land conservation measures is related to land and socio-economic characteristics. Areas under adverse characteristics (such as relatively shallow soils in steep terrain with high aridity indices) impose high limitations on plant growth, famers' income, and effectiveness of land conservation measures. Furthermore, tradition is highly influential on land management practice changes. Olives are particularly highly adaptated and resistant to long term droughts and support a remarkable diversity of flora and fauna (even higher than some natural ecosystems). Olive groves under no tillage or minimum tillage land management practice with oxalis growing as the understory vegetation can sufficiently protect the soil from raindrop impact, restricting soil erosion and land degradation. Field experiments conducted during the execution of DESIRE have shown that olive groves under minimum tillage compared to olive groves under tillage exhibit: (a) high reduction in rain water runoff and sediment loss, (b) greater amounts of water stored into the soil, (c) higher biodiversity, and (d) lower desertification risk. ";
map="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/11.messara_cons_eff_by_area.jpg";
}
form1.comment.value=comment;
//form1.map.value=map;
document["mymap"].src = map;
return;
}
</script> <form action="" method="post" name="bysite">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="22%">
<b>Select map type</b></td>
<td align="left" width="78%">
<select name="mapchoice">
<option value="1">Land use: type</option>
<option value="3">Land use: intensity trend</option>
<option value="5">Degradation: extent</option>
<option value="6">Degradation: degree</option>
<option value="7">Degradation: rate</option>
<option value="8">Land conservation: groups</option>
<option value="10">Land conservation: measures</option>
<option value="11">Land conservation: effectiveness</option>
</select>
<input name="Calculate" onclick="computemap(this.form)" type="button" value="Go" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<b>Comments</b></td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="76" name="comment" rows="6">The present vegetation of Crete is typical of the eastern Mediterranean and is adapted to the dry climatic conditions of this region. Olive and vine plantations are the main land use, at present covering a great part of the lowlands and hilly areas, but also parts of the uplands. Over the last 4 decades olive groves have greatly expanded, eliminating the maquis and shrubby vegetation. Today they cover more than 80% of area. Vine plantations greatly declined during 1960s due to the destruction by phylloxera. New plantations, more resistance to phylochera have appeared in the area since then. Greenhouses are mainly located in the lower part of the valley where climatic conditions are more favourable for growing vegetables.</textarea></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<img alt="" name="mymap" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/1.messara_landuse.jpg" width="595" />
</form>
<p style="text-align: right;"><em>Map version: 4Oct11</em></p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 100%;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Typical%20Cretan%20landscape.jpg" height="125" /></td>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/New%20olive%20plantation.jpg.jpg" height="125" /></td>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Olive%20plantation%20under%20minimum%20tillage.jpg.jpg" height="125" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><em>Typical landscape for the Crete study site covered by olives, vines and pastures in the upper zones.</em></td>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><em>New olive plantations subjected to high erosion rates.</em></td>
<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;" valign="top"><em>Olive plantation under minimum tillage land management practice.</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" style="width: 595px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;">
<span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;">
<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=14&Itemid=166&lang=en">»Assessment and mapping methodology; summary results from all study sites</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><p> </p>Evaluating the desertification risk assessment tool with local experimental results2013-09-30T12:13:38Z2013-09-30T12:13:38Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/crete-greece/902-evaluating-the-desertification-risk-assessment-tool-with-experimental-resultsJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p><em>Author: Victor Jetten</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Introduction</strong><br />The eastern and central part of the Greek island Crete is suffering from land degradation problems, while the rest of the island is highly sensitive to desertification. Soil erosion due to surface runoff and tillage operations, collapse of terraces, overgrazing, salinization of lowlands, and overexploitation of ground water are the major processes of land degradation in the area. A lot of forested areas were converted into cultivated land in the last century. Overgrazing and fires further destroyed the natural vegetation cover and prevented its regeneration.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Olive groves are an important form of land use in the area, but have various degrees of due to the different land management practices. Farmers perceive an herb cover as a competition for water for the Olive trees and keep the field clean and bare below the trees. A minimum tillage experiment with and without herbicides was carried out to see if it is possible to maintain a soil cover, restore the natural soil structure, promote infiltration and reduce runoff and helps in minimizing soil losses. Overgrazing on the shallow stony soil decreases cover and destroys soil structure, and therefore promotes runoff and erosion. A grazing control experiment was done in this area.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The Olive area is moderately sloping land (up to 17%) with relatively deep soil (55-65cm). The overgrazed area has very shallow soils with frequent outcrops.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Desertification indices</strong><br />Both areas are separately parameterized with water erosion and tillage erosion for the Olive field and water erosion and overgrazing for the rangeland plot.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Olives and minimum tillage: the overall unmitigated risk is moderate for water and tillage erosion on sloping Olive fields without soil cover and erosion control measures, and tillage operation to keep the area between the trees bare. Minimum tillage decreases the water erosion slightly and tillage erosion more (to low risk). The main factor here is setting the tillage operations from ploughing to none. Setting minimum tillage or no-tillage has no effect.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Crete%201.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Crete%201.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Crete%202.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Crete%202.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Olives unmitigated</em></td>
<td><em>Olives with minimum tillage</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Grazing lands seem to have a low risk for water erosion and low risk for overgrazing. Increasing the vegetation cover by fencing the rangeland will correctly decrease both to a no risk level, but the change is not very large.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Crete%203.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Crete%203.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Crete%204.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Crete%204.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Grazing unmitigated</em></td>
<td><em>Grazing with rangeland resting</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />For Crete he observed changes are in line with the experimental results and are therefore correctly indicated, but not as pronounced as measured (up to a 50% reduction in runoff and erosion was seen). Also the over grazing risk reduction is correctly identified and in line with the experiments.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The assessment tool exhibits strange behavior that the setting of minimum tillage or no tillage has no effect on water erosion, but setting tillage operations form ploughing to none has.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... general conclusions and results from other study sites<br /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=898:evaluating-the-desertification-risk-assessment-tool-with-experimental-results&catid=275:desertification-risk-assessment-tool&Itemid=629">»Evaluating the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool with experimental results</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><p><em>Author: Victor Jetten</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Introduction</strong><br />The eastern and central part of the Greek island Crete is suffering from land degradation problems, while the rest of the island is highly sensitive to desertification. Soil erosion due to surface runoff and tillage operations, collapse of terraces, overgrazing, salinization of lowlands, and overexploitation of ground water are the major processes of land degradation in the area. A lot of forested areas were converted into cultivated land in the last century. Overgrazing and fires further destroyed the natural vegetation cover and prevented its regeneration.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Olive groves are an important form of land use in the area, but have various degrees of due to the different land management practices. Farmers perceive an herb cover as a competition for water for the Olive trees and keep the field clean and bare below the trees. A minimum tillage experiment with and without herbicides was carried out to see if it is possible to maintain a soil cover, restore the natural soil structure, promote infiltration and reduce runoff and helps in minimizing soil losses. Overgrazing on the shallow stony soil decreases cover and destroys soil structure, and therefore promotes runoff and erosion. A grazing control experiment was done in this area.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The Olive area is moderately sloping land (up to 17%) with relatively deep soil (55-65cm). The overgrazed area has very shallow soils with frequent outcrops.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Desertification indices</strong><br />Both areas are separately parameterized with water erosion and tillage erosion for the Olive field and water erosion and overgrazing for the rangeland plot.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Olives and minimum tillage: the overall unmitigated risk is moderate for water and tillage erosion on sloping Olive fields without soil cover and erosion control measures, and tillage operation to keep the area between the trees bare. Minimum tillage decreases the water erosion slightly and tillage erosion more (to low risk). The main factor here is setting the tillage operations from ploughing to none. Setting minimum tillage or no-tillage has no effect.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Crete%201.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Crete%201.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Crete%202.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Crete%202.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Olives unmitigated</em></td>
<td><em>Olives with minimum tillage</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Grazing lands seem to have a low risk for water erosion and low risk for overgrazing. Increasing the vegetation cover by fencing the rangeland will correctly decrease both to a no risk level, but the change is not very large.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Crete%203.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Crete%203.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Crete%204.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Crete%204.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Grazing unmitigated</em></td>
<td><em>Grazing with rangeland resting</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />For Crete he observed changes are in line with the experimental results and are therefore correctly indicated, but not as pronounced as measured (up to a 50% reduction in runoff and erosion was seen). Also the over grazing risk reduction is correctly identified and in line with the experiments.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The assessment tool exhibits strange behavior that the setting of minimum tillage or no tillage has no effect on water erosion, but setting tillage operations form ploughing to none has.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... general conclusions and results from other study sites<br /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=898:evaluating-the-desertification-risk-assessment-tool-with-experimental-results&catid=275:desertification-risk-assessment-tool&Itemid=629">»Evaluating the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool with experimental results</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>Identifying strategies: Stakeholder workshop 12008-11-03T12:47:04Z2008-11-03T12:47:04Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/crete-greece/193-stakeholder-workshop-1-crete-greeceJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>Report of Stakeholder Workshop 1, held in Greece, Crete, Herakleion, Agia Varvara - November 26th, 2008. <em>Authors: E. Vlachos, C. Karavitis, K. Kosmas, V. Fassouli</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig1-10.jpg.jpg" height="130" width="176" /></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig2-10.jpg.jpg" height="127" width="191" /></p>
</td>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig3-6.jpg.jpg" height="125" width="171" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The workshop was facilitated by the Agricultural University of Athens and attended by 65 local stakeholders. The facilitators tried to build consensus among the stakeholders, asking them to express their ideas and opinions about the land degradation that occurs in the area; why they think it occurs and what they think should be done to remediate it. Using the Nominal Group Technique (in which a group discusses an issue, guided by a leader), a large number of areas of concern were raised.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Through a structured voting system, the stakeholders identified the following as the most important factors causing the degradation of their land.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig4-5.jpg.jpg" height="131" width="176" /></td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>(lack of) law and penalty enforcement</li>
<li>soil pollution</li>
<li>lack of briefing</li>
<li>sustainability - organic crops</li>
<li>infrastructure - creation of economic resources</li>
<li>diseases caused by po.lution</li>
<li>production costs</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>download the full report and see general results of all study sites<br data-mce-bogus="1" /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/cover-6.jpg.jpg" height="118" width="80" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom">
<p><a class="doclink" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=105&Itemid="><img alt="icon" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Crete (report) <span class="small">384.72 kB</span></strong></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong>»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 1 methodology and summary results from all study sites</strong></a><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong></strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><p>Report of Stakeholder Workshop 1, held in Greece, Crete, Herakleion, Agia Varvara - November 26th, 2008. <em>Authors: E. Vlachos, C. Karavitis, K. Kosmas, V. Fassouli</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig1-10.jpg.jpg" height="130" width="176" /></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig2-10.jpg.jpg" height="127" width="191" /></p>
</td>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig3-6.jpg.jpg" height="125" width="171" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The workshop was facilitated by the Agricultural University of Athens and attended by 65 local stakeholders. The facilitators tried to build consensus among the stakeholders, asking them to express their ideas and opinions about the land degradation that occurs in the area; why they think it occurs and what they think should be done to remediate it. Using the Nominal Group Technique (in which a group discusses an issue, guided by a leader), a large number of areas of concern were raised.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Through a structured voting system, the stakeholders identified the following as the most important factors causing the degradation of their land.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig4-5.jpg.jpg" height="131" width="176" /></td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>(lack of) law and penalty enforcement</li>
<li>soil pollution</li>
<li>lack of briefing</li>
<li>sustainability - organic crops</li>
<li>infrastructure - creation of economic resources</li>
<li>diseases caused by po.lution</li>
<li>production costs</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>download the full report and see general results of all study sites<br data-mce-bogus="1" /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/cover-6.jpg.jpg" height="118" width="80" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom">
<p><a class="doclink" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=105&Itemid="><img alt="icon" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Crete (report) <span class="small">384.72 kB</span></strong></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong>»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 1 methodology and summary results from all study sites</strong></a><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong></strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>Evaluating strategies: technologies and approaches documented2011-02-22T13:14:29Z2011-02-22T13:14:29Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/crete-greece/530-evaluating-strategies-technologies-and-approaches-documentedJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/technology.jpg.jpg" width="105" /></td>
<td valign="bottom">
<p>Stakeholder Workshop 1 identified a number of existing or potential strategies to combat desertification and land degradation in the Crete study site. In the months following the workshop these strategies (technologies or approaches) were documented and evaluated in a structured and standardised way and their descriptions were entered in the WOCAT Technologies and Approaches databases in order to share the information with other DESIRE sites as well as globally.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>For details of all Technologies and Approaches documented in the WOCAT Database (from the DESIRE study sites and from other sites worldwide), see</p>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQT/qt_report.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Technologies Database </a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQA/SearchApproach.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Approaches Database</a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>For those relating to this study site, click on the Name of technology or Name of approach to go directly to the descriptions in the database.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>WOCAT Technologies Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of technology</span> <br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author </span><br /></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE01</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=308">»Olive groves under no tillage operations</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE02</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=389">»Application of water by drip irrigation</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE03</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=458">»No tillage operations, plastic nets permanently on the soil surface</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE04</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=541">»Land terracing in olive groves</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br /><strong>WOCAT Approaches Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><span style="color: #ffffff;"> </span><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of approach </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE01</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=214">»Sustainable development of olive groves I</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE02</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=215">»Sustainable use of water</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE03</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=216">»Sustainable development of olive groves II</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE04</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=217">»Sustainable development of olive groves III</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/technology.jpg.jpg" width="105" /></td>
<td valign="bottom">
<p>Stakeholder Workshop 1 identified a number of existing or potential strategies to combat desertification and land degradation in the Crete study site. In the months following the workshop these strategies (technologies or approaches) were documented and evaluated in a structured and standardised way and their descriptions were entered in the WOCAT Technologies and Approaches databases in order to share the information with other DESIRE sites as well as globally.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>For details of all Technologies and Approaches documented in the WOCAT Database (from the DESIRE study sites and from other sites worldwide), see</p>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQT/qt_report.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Technologies Database </a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQA/SearchApproach.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Approaches Database</a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>For those relating to this study site, click on the Name of technology or Name of approach to go directly to the descriptions in the database.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>WOCAT Technologies Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of technology</span> <br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author </span><br /></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE01</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=308">»Olive groves under no tillage operations</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE02</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=389">»Application of water by drip irrigation</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE03</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=458">»No tillage operations, plastic nets permanently on the soil surface</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE04</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=541">»Land terracing in olive groves</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br /><strong>WOCAT Approaches Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><span style="color: #ffffff;"> </span><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of approach </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE01</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=214">»Sustainable development of olive groves I</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE02</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=215">»Sustainable use of water</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE03</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=216">»Sustainable development of olive groves II</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Greece</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">GRE04</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=217">»Sustainable development of olive groves III</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>Selecting strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 22009-05-21T17:16:15Z2009-05-21T17:16:15Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/crete-greece/253-stakeholder-workshop-2-crete-greeceJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>Results and conclusions from Stakeholder Workshop 2 "Selection and decision on technologies/approaches to be implemented", held in Greece, Crete, Chania, January 27-28th, 2009.</p>
<p><em>Authors: K. Kosmas, Or. Kairis</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>The workshop methodology was designed and coordinated through <strong>Research Theme 3: Potential prevention & mitigation strategies</strong> and consisted of three main elements:</p>
<ul>
<li>A participatory approach to guide and lead the workshop participants through a process of multi-criteria evaluation of different options which finally results in decision-making on strategies to be field-tested.</li>
<li>The WOCAT database containing locally applied options as well as options from a number of other contexts.</li>
<li>'Facilitator', a Multi Objective Decision Support System (MODSS) software to support the single steps of the evaluation and decision-making process.</li>
</ul>
<p>Target groups were the same as in the 1st workshop: local stakeholders (land users, representatives of local authorities, local NGOs) and external stakeholders (researchers, development professionals, NGOs, GOs).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>As a result of the workshop, the following measures were selected for testing in field experiments.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Measures</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Type</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Land use</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">No tillage</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">agronomic</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Sustainable grazing</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">management</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">grazing land</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>download the full report and see an overview of all study sites<br data-mce-bogus="1" /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=23&Itemid=179&lang=en"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/cover-22.jpg.jpg" height="80" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=131&Itemid=189&lang=en"><strong>WP3.3 Stakeholder Workshop 2: Crete (report)</strong></a> 2.03MB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=23&Itemid=179&lang=en"><strong>»</strong><strong><strong>Selecting strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 2 methodology and summary results from all study sites</strong></strong></a><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=23&Itemid=179&lang=en"><strong></strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><p>Results and conclusions from Stakeholder Workshop 2 "Selection and decision on technologies/approaches to be implemented", held in Greece, Crete, Chania, January 27-28th, 2009.</p>
<p><em>Authors: K. Kosmas, Or. Kairis</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>The workshop methodology was designed and coordinated through <strong>Research Theme 3: Potential prevention & mitigation strategies</strong> and consisted of three main elements:</p>
<ul>
<li>A participatory approach to guide and lead the workshop participants through a process of multi-criteria evaluation of different options which finally results in decision-making on strategies to be field-tested.</li>
<li>The WOCAT database containing locally applied options as well as options from a number of other contexts.</li>
<li>'Facilitator', a Multi Objective Decision Support System (MODSS) software to support the single steps of the evaluation and decision-making process.</li>
</ul>
<p>Target groups were the same as in the 1st workshop: local stakeholders (land users, representatives of local authorities, local NGOs) and external stakeholders (researchers, development professionals, NGOs, GOs).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>As a result of the workshop, the following measures were selected for testing in field experiments.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Measures</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Type</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Land use</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">No tillage</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">agronomic</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Sustainable grazing</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">management</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">grazing land</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>download the full report and see an overview of all study sites<br data-mce-bogus="1" /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=23&Itemid=179&lang=en"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/cover-22.jpg.jpg" height="80" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=131&Itemid=189&lang=en"><strong>WP3.3 Stakeholder Workshop 2: Crete (report)</strong></a> 2.03MB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=23&Itemid=179&lang=en"><strong>»</strong><strong><strong>Selecting strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 2 methodology and summary results from all study sites</strong></strong></a><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=23&Itemid=179&lang=en"><strong></strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>