Guadalentín, SpainDESIRE Project Harmonised Information Systemhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/guadalentin-spain2016-09-22T20:41:39ZJoomla! 1.5 - Open Source Content ManagementContact the Guadalentín study site team2010-11-22T12:37:10Z2010-11-22T12:37:10Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/guadalentin-spain/466-contact-usJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<table class="institute" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="6">
<tbody>
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<p>Institute full name:</p>
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<p>Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas</p>
</td>
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<p>Institute acronym:</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p>EEZA-CSIC</p>
</td>
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<p>Institute profile:</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p>EEZA is an Institute of the Spanish National Research Council, CSIC (<a target="_blank" href="http://www.csic.es">Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas</a>). EEZA has five Research Groups on Desertification and GeoEcology (DEGECO), Functional Ecology, Biodiversity Conservation, Conservation of Endangered Species, Ecological Morphology and Behavioural Ecology. The scientific interests of DEGECO include the assessment of landscape responses to human and climatic driving forces in extreme environments and the development of indicators of land condition and land degradation. The research is carried out at several scales ranging from plot to landscape level, and is mostly concerned with understanding the sources and processes of spatial heterogeneity in drylands, their implications on water balances, erosion systems and ecological connectivity, the search of scale links between field and remotely sensed data, and the off-site role of the marginal lands by providing water and other resources to their surrounding areas.</p>
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<p>Website</p>
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<p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eeza.csic.es/">www.eeza.csic.es</a></p>
</td>
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<p>Address</p>
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<td valign="top" width="451">
<p>Dept. Desertificación y Geoecología<br />Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas<br />Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas<br />Carretera de Sacramento, s/n<br />E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano - Almeria<br />Spain</p>
Fax: +34 950 277 100</td>
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<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute logo</p>
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<td valign="top" width="451"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza1.jpg.jpg" /></td>
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<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute image</p>
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<td valign="top" width="451"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza2-1.jpg.jpg" width="197" height="146" /></td>
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<p> </p>
<p>Involved personnel</p>
<table class="institute" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="6">
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<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Name</p>
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<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Contact details</p>
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<p>Key qualifications</p>
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<p>Photo</p>
</td>
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<p>Dr. Albert Solé-Benet</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Tel: +34 950 281 045</p>
E-mail: <a href="mailto:albert@eeza.csic.es">albert@eeza.csic.es</a></td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Soil scientist, fundamental and applied research on pedology, soil structure and hydrological consequences of soil surface modification.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza3.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
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<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Prof. Dr. Juan Puigdefábregas</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Tel: +34 950 281 045<br /> E-mail: <a href="mailto:puigdefa@eeza.csic.es">puigdefa@eeza.csic.es</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Plant Ecologist, expert in the assessment of Desertification risks and on the dynamics of the spatial structure of vegetation as a source of adaptation to disturbances that lead to land degradation.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza4.jpg.jpg" /></td>
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<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Dr. Francisco Domingo</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Tel: +34 950 281 045 ext. 300.</p>
<p>Email: <a href="mailto:poveda@eeza.csic.es">poveda@eeza.csic.es</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Bio-geo-chemistry and evapotranspiration, rainfall partitioning by canopies and water relations in arid environments.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza5.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Dr. Joris de Vente</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Tel 1: +34 950 281 045 Ext 828<br /> Tel 2: +34 968 396256</p>
e-mail: <a href="mailto:joris@eeza.csic.es">joris@eeza.csic.es</a></td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Physical Geographer, expert in assessments of erosion, sediment yield and global change effects at the drainage basin scale. Experienced in hydrological modelling, floods, spatial planning, multi-criteria analysis, remote sensing, and GIS.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza6.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
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<td valign="top">Dr. Yolanda Cantón</td>
<td valign="top">
<p>Tel: +34 950 015 959</p>
e-mail: <a href="mailto:ycanton@ual.es">ycanton@ual.es</a></td>
<td valign="top">Assistant professor from the Department of Soil Science at the University of Almería; skills in satellite image analysis, GIS and DEM; experience in surface hydrology and erosion, and specifically in soil crusting.</td>
<td valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza7.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
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<td valign="top">Dr. María Asunción Romero Díaz</td>
<td valign="top">
<p>Tel: +968 363 144<br /> e-mail:<br /> <a href="mailto:arodi@um.es">arodi@um.es</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">Professor from the Department of Geography at the University of Murcia; large experience in Mediterranean Geomorphology, specifically in soil erosion, badlands and floods; skills in runoff plot monitoring.</td>
<td valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza8.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">Carolina Boix-Fayos</td>
<td valign="top">
<p>Tel: +34 968 396371</p>
<p>e-mail: <a href="mailto:cboix@cebas.csic.es">cboix@cebas.csic.es</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">Physical Geographer, expert in geomorphological processes at different spatial scales, concerning water, sediments and organic carbon dynamics. Experience in evaluation of factors determining soil erosion and sediment yield, including land use scenarios, stakeholder and conflict analysis.</td>
<td valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza9.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><table class="institute" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="6">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute full name:</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p>Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute acronym:</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p>EEZA-CSIC</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute profile:</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p>EEZA is an Institute of the Spanish National Research Council, CSIC (<a target="_blank" href="http://www.csic.es">Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas</a>). EEZA has five Research Groups on Desertification and GeoEcology (DEGECO), Functional Ecology, Biodiversity Conservation, Conservation of Endangered Species, Ecological Morphology and Behavioural Ecology. The scientific interests of DEGECO include the assessment of landscape responses to human and climatic driving forces in extreme environments and the development of indicators of land condition and land degradation. The research is carried out at several scales ranging from plot to landscape level, and is mostly concerned with understanding the sources and processes of spatial heterogeneity in drylands, their implications on water balances, erosion systems and ecological connectivity, the search of scale links between field and remotely sensed data, and the off-site role of the marginal lands by providing water and other resources to their surrounding areas.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Website</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eeza.csic.es/">www.eeza.csic.es</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Address</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p>Dept. Desertificación y Geoecología<br />Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas<br />Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas<br />Carretera de Sacramento, s/n<br />E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano - Almeria<br />Spain</p>
Fax: +34 950 277 100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute logo</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza1.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute image</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza2-1.jpg.jpg" width="197" height="146" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>Involved personnel</p>
<table class="institute" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="6">
<thead>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Name</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Contact details</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Key qualifications</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133">
<p>Photo</p>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Dr. Albert Solé-Benet</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Tel: +34 950 281 045</p>
E-mail: <a href="mailto:albert@eeza.csic.es">albert@eeza.csic.es</a></td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Soil scientist, fundamental and applied research on pedology, soil structure and hydrological consequences of soil surface modification.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza3.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Prof. Dr. Juan Puigdefábregas</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Tel: +34 950 281 045<br /> E-mail: <a href="mailto:puigdefa@eeza.csic.es">puigdefa@eeza.csic.es</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Plant Ecologist, expert in the assessment of Desertification risks and on the dynamics of the spatial structure of vegetation as a source of adaptation to disturbances that lead to land degradation.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza4.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Dr. Francisco Domingo</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Tel: +34 950 281 045 ext. 300.</p>
<p>Email: <a href="mailto:poveda@eeza.csic.es">poveda@eeza.csic.es</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Bio-geo-chemistry and evapotranspiration, rainfall partitioning by canopies and water relations in arid environments.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza5.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Dr. Joris de Vente</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Tel 1: +34 950 281 045 Ext 828<br /> Tel 2: +34 968 396256</p>
e-mail: <a href="mailto:joris@eeza.csic.es">joris@eeza.csic.es</a></td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Physical Geographer, expert in assessments of erosion, sediment yield and global change effects at the drainage basin scale. Experienced in hydrological modelling, floods, spatial planning, multi-criteria analysis, remote sensing, and GIS.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza6.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">Dr. Yolanda Cantón</td>
<td valign="top">
<p>Tel: +34 950 015 959</p>
e-mail: <a href="mailto:ycanton@ual.es">ycanton@ual.es</a></td>
<td valign="top">Assistant professor from the Department of Soil Science at the University of Almería; skills in satellite image analysis, GIS and DEM; experience in surface hydrology and erosion, and specifically in soil crusting.</td>
<td valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza7.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">Dr. María Asunción Romero Díaz</td>
<td valign="top">
<p>Tel: +968 363 144<br /> e-mail:<br /> <a href="mailto:arodi@um.es">arodi@um.es</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">Professor from the Department of Geography at the University of Murcia; large experience in Mediterranean Geomorphology, specifically in soil erosion, badlands and floods; skills in runoff plot monitoring.</td>
<td valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza8.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">Carolina Boix-Fayos</td>
<td valign="top">
<p>Tel: +34 968 396371</p>
<p>e-mail: <a href="mailto:cboix@cebas.csic.es">cboix@cebas.csic.es</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">Physical Geographer, expert in geomorphological processes at different spatial scales, concerning water, sediments and organic carbon dynamics. Experience in evaluation of factors determining soil erosion and sediment yield, including land use scenarios, stakeholder and conflict analysis.</td>
<td valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/eeza9.jpg.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>Study site location & description2007-07-10T13:34:10Z2007-07-10T13:34:10Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/guadalentin-spain/38-murcia-spain-study-site-descriptionJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>The Guadalentín study site is in south eastern Spain, between Murcia and Almeria and centred on the village of Torrealvilla.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>{mosgmap mapid=6|height=350px|zoomtype=small|showmaptype=true}</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig0.jpg.jpg" height="70" width="93" /></td>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig6-14.jpg.jpg" height="70" width="135" /></td>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/photo2.jpg.jpg" height="70" width="94" /></td>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig8-5.jpg.jpg" height="70" width="123" /></td>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/photo1a.jpg.jpg" height="70" width="109" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>Over the last two decades, the drainage basin of the Guadalentín in south-eastern Spain has been the study area for many studies dealing with land degradation. One of the reasons for the widespread interest in the Guadalentín basin is that land degradation is generally considered severe in large parts of the basin due to a combination of the Mediterranean climate, characterised by dry summers followed by intense autumn rainfall, an often steep topography with fragile soils on highly erodible lithologies. Moreover, initiated by political and socioeconomic changes, important land use changes have taken place over the last centuries, which have formed an important driver for further land degradation in the Guadalentín basin.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Soil erosion by rills and gullies forms one of the main causes of land degradation in the Guadalentín. Apart from the natural conditions favouring soil erosion (i.e. topography, climate and lithology), high soil erosion rates are often triggered by frequent tillage, uncontrolled land abandonment and improper reforestation techniques. Another land degradation problem is soil salinization due to overexploitation of aquifers. Measures to combat land degradation problems have been applied for over 100 years. Some of them have been successful, while others have failed.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... <span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>read the full study site description and an overview of all sites</strong><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong></strong></span></span><br /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc; width: 10%;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig4-13.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="104" width="80" /></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_tick.gif" alt=" " height="16" width="16" /><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/wimba/SSD%20Guadalentin,%20Spain"><strong>Read full study site description</strong></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=264&Itemid=619&lang=en"><strong>»Comparative overview of all study sites</strong></a><br /><strong></strong><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=161&Itemid=189&lang=en"></a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><p>The Guadalentín study site is in south eastern Spain, between Murcia and Almeria and centred on the village of Torrealvilla.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>{mosgmap mapid=6|height=350px|zoomtype=small|showmaptype=true}</p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig0.jpg.jpg" height="70" width="93" /></td>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig6-14.jpg.jpg" height="70" width="135" /></td>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/photo2.jpg.jpg" height="70" width="94" /></td>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig8-5.jpg.jpg" height="70" width="123" /></td>
<td><img alt=" " src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/photo1a.jpg.jpg" height="70" width="109" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>Over the last two decades, the drainage basin of the Guadalentín in south-eastern Spain has been the study area for many studies dealing with land degradation. One of the reasons for the widespread interest in the Guadalentín basin is that land degradation is generally considered severe in large parts of the basin due to a combination of the Mediterranean climate, characterised by dry summers followed by intense autumn rainfall, an often steep topography with fragile soils on highly erodible lithologies. Moreover, initiated by political and socioeconomic changes, important land use changes have taken place over the last centuries, which have formed an important driver for further land degradation in the Guadalentín basin.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Soil erosion by rills and gullies forms one of the main causes of land degradation in the Guadalentín. Apart from the natural conditions favouring soil erosion (i.e. topography, climate and lithology), high soil erosion rates are often triggered by frequent tillage, uncontrolled land abandonment and improper reforestation techniques. Another land degradation problem is soil salinization due to overexploitation of aquifers. Measures to combat land degradation problems have been applied for over 100 years. Some of them have been successful, while others have failed.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... <span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>read the full study site description and an overview of all sites</strong><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong></strong></span></span><br /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc; width: 10%;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig4-13.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="104" width="80" /></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_tick.gif" alt=" " height="16" width="16" /><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/wimba/SSD%20Guadalentin,%20Spain"><strong>Read full study site description</strong></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=264&Itemid=619&lang=en"><strong>»Comparative overview of all study sites</strong></a><br /><strong></strong><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=161&Itemid=189&lang=en"></a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Stakeholders and their sustainability goals2011-10-28T16:34:23Z2011-10-28T16:34:23Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/guadalentin-spain/618-stakeholders-and-their-sustainability-goalsJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p><strong>Area and people</strong></p>
<p>Most farmers are part-time farmers and of older age. They are traditional dry land farmers. Other land users are the commercial farms (often investment companies).</p>
<p>Current Soil and Water Conservation practices:</p>
<ul>
<li>Contour plowing</li>
<li>Terracing</li>
<li>Re-forestation (subsidized)</li>
</ul>
<p>Investment is required for a region or at local/farm level. Government intervention required? Is it a scale issue or attitude?</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Added value of DESIRE for stakeholders</strong></p>
<p>The process of bringing people together; farmers with farmers; farmers with people from ministry of agriculture, etc.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Study site stakeholder workshops</strong><br />There were 6 farmers (> 50 years old), scientists, farmers' organisations, local government officers (3 municipalities, regional ministry of agriculture). Murcia has specific land management related subsidies for land users to control erosion.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Limitations for spontaneous implementation of soil and water conservation practices</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Institutional limitations</li>
<li>(Lack of) government support for investment in terracing</li>
<li>Mosaic landscape</li>
<li>Investment costs</li>
<li>Knowledge</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Stakeholder groups</strong><br />Land degradation in the Guadalentin affects the whole society either directly or indirectly at local, regional and even national level. Selection of the most relevant stakeholders therefore is a difficult task, but during the various research projects in the last decades it has been possible to identify the most relevant stakeholders regarding land degradation issues. Given the main objective of DESIRE to identify and evaluate existing and potential conservation measures to mitigate land degradation, stakeholders that actually make decisions on land use, either at the farm or the political level, as well as scientists, are considered the most relevant stakeholders within this project. The selection of stakeholders, in random order, includes the following groups:</p>
<ul>
<li>Individual farmers (both with dryland and irrigated land and both large and small properties)</li>
<li>Agricultural cooperation’s (e.g. <strong><a href="http://www.coato.com/" target="_blank">»COATO</a></strong>, »COAG-IR (link expired))</li>
<li>Irrigation communities</li>
<li>Representatives of the ministry of environment and agriculture at level of municipality, region and national.</li>
<li>Local Agricultural Office (<strong><a href="http://www.carm.es/web/pagina?IDCONTENIDO=1287&IDTIPO=100&RASTRO=c489$m" target="_blank">»Oficina Comarcal Agraria</a></strong>)</li>
<li>National focal point of the UNCCD.</li>
<li>Tourist administration</li>
<li>Confederación Hidrográfica del Segura (<strong><a href="http://www.chsegura.es/chs" target="_blank">»Segura Basin Water Authority</a>)</strong></li>
<li>NGO’s (Ecologistas en acción, ANSE, etc.)</li>
<li>Forest engineer private companies (e.g. Tracsa, Generala)</li>
<li>Forester associations (e.g. Asociación de Propietarios Forestales de la Región de Murcia).</li>
<li>Scientists (ecologist/geographer/sociologist/soil scientist)</li>
<li><strong><a href="http://www.f-iea.es/" target="_blank">»Fundación Instituto Euromediterráneo del Agua</a></strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="http://www.um.es/inuama/" target="_blank">»Instituto Universitario del Agua y del Medio Ambiente</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Sustainability Goals</strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df; width: 10%;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 1</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Maintenance and restoration of the productive capacity of the agricultural, forest, and scrublands systems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 2</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Reduce water loss and maintain or restore aquifer levels</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 3</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Reduce soil erosion and prevent flooding and siltation of reservoirs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 4</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Increase soil fertility and soil organic matter content</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 5</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Integration of agriculture and ecological systems in a ‘mosaic landscape’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 6</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Conservation of biological diversity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 7</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Production of labelled ‘quality products’ from ecological agriculture</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 8</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Use of organic waste and sludge for local green energy production</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em>Source: discussions between stakeholders during two stakeholder workshops in 2007 – 2008</em></p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp14-stakeholders-a-sustainability-thematicmenu-168">»Stakeholders & their sustainability goals - overview</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><p><strong>Area and people</strong></p>
<p>Most farmers are part-time farmers and of older age. They are traditional dry land farmers. Other land users are the commercial farms (often investment companies).</p>
<p>Current Soil and Water Conservation practices:</p>
<ul>
<li>Contour plowing</li>
<li>Terracing</li>
<li>Re-forestation (subsidized)</li>
</ul>
<p>Investment is required for a region or at local/farm level. Government intervention required? Is it a scale issue or attitude?</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Added value of DESIRE for stakeholders</strong></p>
<p>The process of bringing people together; farmers with farmers; farmers with people from ministry of agriculture, etc.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Study site stakeholder workshops</strong><br />There were 6 farmers (> 50 years old), scientists, farmers' organisations, local government officers (3 municipalities, regional ministry of agriculture). Murcia has specific land management related subsidies for land users to control erosion.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Limitations for spontaneous implementation of soil and water conservation practices</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Institutional limitations</li>
<li>(Lack of) government support for investment in terracing</li>
<li>Mosaic landscape</li>
<li>Investment costs</li>
<li>Knowledge</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Stakeholder groups</strong><br />Land degradation in the Guadalentin affects the whole society either directly or indirectly at local, regional and even national level. Selection of the most relevant stakeholders therefore is a difficult task, but during the various research projects in the last decades it has been possible to identify the most relevant stakeholders regarding land degradation issues. Given the main objective of DESIRE to identify and evaluate existing and potential conservation measures to mitigate land degradation, stakeholders that actually make decisions on land use, either at the farm or the political level, as well as scientists, are considered the most relevant stakeholders within this project. The selection of stakeholders, in random order, includes the following groups:</p>
<ul>
<li>Individual farmers (both with dryland and irrigated land and both large and small properties)</li>
<li>Agricultural cooperation’s (e.g. <strong><a href="http://www.coato.com/" target="_blank">»COATO</a></strong>, »COAG-IR (link expired))</li>
<li>Irrigation communities</li>
<li>Representatives of the ministry of environment and agriculture at level of municipality, region and national.</li>
<li>Local Agricultural Office (<strong><a href="http://www.carm.es/web/pagina?IDCONTENIDO=1287&IDTIPO=100&RASTRO=c489$m" target="_blank">»Oficina Comarcal Agraria</a></strong>)</li>
<li>National focal point of the UNCCD.</li>
<li>Tourist administration</li>
<li>Confederación Hidrográfica del Segura (<strong><a href="http://www.chsegura.es/chs" target="_blank">»Segura Basin Water Authority</a>)</strong></li>
<li>NGO’s (Ecologistas en acción, ANSE, etc.)</li>
<li>Forest engineer private companies (e.g. Tracsa, Generala)</li>
<li>Forester associations (e.g. Asociación de Propietarios Forestales de la Región de Murcia).</li>
<li>Scientists (ecologist/geographer/sociologist/soil scientist)</li>
<li><strong><a href="http://www.f-iea.es/" target="_blank">»Fundación Instituto Euromediterráneo del Agua</a></strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="http://www.um.es/inuama/" target="_blank">»Instituto Universitario del Agua y del Medio Ambiente</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Sustainability Goals</strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df; width: 10%;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 1</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Maintenance and restoration of the productive capacity of the agricultural, forest, and scrublands systems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 2</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Reduce water loss and maintain or restore aquifer levels</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 3</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Reduce soil erosion and prevent flooding and siltation of reservoirs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 4</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Increase soil fertility and soil organic matter content</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 5</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Integration of agriculture and ecological systems in a ‘mosaic landscape’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 6</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Conservation of biological diversity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 7</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Production of labelled ‘quality products’ from ecological agriculture</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Goal 8</strong></td>
<td style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top">Use of organic waste and sludge for local green energy production</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em>Source: discussions between stakeholders during two stakeholder workshops in 2007 – 2008</em></p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp14-stakeholders-a-sustainability-thematicmenu-168">»Stakeholders & their sustainability goals - overview</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Drivers, policies and laws2011-10-28T17:12:24Z2011-10-28T17:12:24Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/guadalentin-spain/622-drivers-policies-and-lawsJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>The reasons for desertification and land degradation occurring can be environmental (for example due to the climate or soil conditions), economic, due to the actions of people or, most often, due to a combination of factors. The resulting degradation may be temporary or permanent.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>To help understand this complex picture it can be helpful to think in terms the dominant socio-economic and environmental forces that are <strong>driving</strong> the process of land degradation. These place <strong>pressures</strong> on the land which have particular <strong>impacts</strong>. Human society may have already made <strong>responses</strong> to those impacts, or may have knowledge about how they could respond. Decisions about which responses to make may also be governed by a range of international, national or local <strong>policy</strong> regulations and agreements.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In the Guadalentín study site, the same stakeholder workshop and questionnaires that were used to identify existing and potential response strategies (<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/guadalentin-spain/178-stakeholder-workshop-1-murcia-spain">»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder workshop 1</a></strong>) also discussed and identified these driving forces; pressures; impacts; and the policy and regulation environment. This information was then used to inform the choice of <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/guadalentin-spain/283-field-experiments">»Field experiments</a></strong> and the scenarios used in <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/guadalentin-spain/579-simulated-biophysical-impact-of-remediation-strategies-and-their-financial-viability-">»Simulated biophysical impact of remediation strategies and their financial viability</a></strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="150" width="600">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" height="150" valign="top" width="565">
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technology2="Natural conditions such as topography, climate and lithology and active tectonic uplift favor overland flow and erosion.";
technology3="Changes in soil quality, soil organic matter content and increased vegetation cover.";
technology4="Soil erosion (+)";
technology5="Construction of terraces and check dams, reduced tillage, increased fallow periods, reforestation.";
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technology2="The threatened mosaic landscape is crucial for SWC purposes.";
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technology5="Construction of terraces and check dams, reduced tillage, increased fallow periods, reforestation.";
technology6="National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (NAPD), European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF), and the Regional development programmes.";
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technology4="Soil erosion (-)";
technology5="Reduced and contour tillage.";
technology6="Regional development programme.";
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technology1="Irrigated horticulture is the most profitable land use type in the region.";
technology2="Land leveling is often practiced for irrigated agriculture.";
technology3="Changes in groundwater availability and quality.";
technology4="Ground water (quality and quantity) decline.";
technology5="Drip irrigation and plastic covers to reduce evaporation losses.";
technology6="Policy enforcement by the water authorities, water transfers, subsidies for irrigation infrastructure, European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) ), and the Regional development programmes (every 5 or 6 years).";
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technology3="Changes in water and soil quality.";
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technology5="Controlled use of sludge for fertilization purposes.";
technology6="Regulations on waste treatment, storage and use of pig sludge.";
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technology3="Changes in water availability and quality.";
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Socio-economic drivers</td>
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Pressures</td>
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Responses</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology5" rows="3"></textarea></td>
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<td valign="top" width="22%">
Policies</td>
<td width="78%">
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</form>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp13-drivers-a-policy-thematicmenu-167"><strong>»Drivers and policy context for all study sites</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><p>The reasons for desertification and land degradation occurring can be environmental (for example due to the climate or soil conditions), economic, due to the actions of people or, most often, due to a combination of factors. The resulting degradation may be temporary or permanent.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>To help understand this complex picture it can be helpful to think in terms the dominant socio-economic and environmental forces that are <strong>driving</strong> the process of land degradation. These place <strong>pressures</strong> on the land which have particular <strong>impacts</strong>. Human society may have already made <strong>responses</strong> to those impacts, or may have knowledge about how they could respond. Decisions about which responses to make may also be governed by a range of international, national or local <strong>policy</strong> regulations and agreements.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In the Guadalentín study site, the same stakeholder workshop and questionnaires that were used to identify existing and potential response strategies (<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/guadalentin-spain/178-stakeholder-workshop-1-murcia-spain">»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder workshop 1</a></strong>) also discussed and identified these driving forces; pressures; impacts; and the policy and regulation environment. This information was then used to inform the choice of <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/guadalentin-spain/283-field-experiments">»Field experiments</a></strong> and the scenarios used in <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/guadalentin-spain/579-simulated-biophysical-impact-of-remediation-strategies-and-their-financial-viability-">»Simulated biophysical impact of remediation strategies and their financial viability</a></strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="150" width="600">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" height="150" valign="top" width="565">
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technology2="Long dry periods and intermittent rivers require structures to maintain water that is available during rainfall events throughout dry periods.";
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<b>Select main driver</b></td>
<td align="left" width="78%">
<select name="studysite"><option value="1">Land abandonment</option><option value="2">Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)</option><option value="3">Intensive tillage</option><option value="4">Irrigated horticulture and illegal pumping of groundwater for irrigation</option><option value="5">Intensive pig farming</option><option value="6">Decline of traditional knowledge</option></select> <input name="Calculate" onclick="computeTech(this.form)" type="button" value="Go" /></td>
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<tbody>
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<td valign="top" width="22%">
Socio-economic drivers</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology1" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Environmental drivers</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology2" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Pressures</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology3" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Impacts</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology4" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
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<td valign="top" width="22%">
Responses</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology5" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Policies</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology6" rows="3"></textarea></td>
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</table>
</form>
</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
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<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
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<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp13-drivers-a-policy-thematicmenu-167"><strong>»Drivers and policy context for all study sites</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Gender-related issues2011-03-03T14:01:19Z2011-03-03T14:01:19Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/guadalentin-spain/559-gender-related-issuesJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" src="http://www.scribd.com/embeds/49934679/content?start_page=1&view_mode=list&access_key=key-9xkgb4xdrkbz6whdaiq" data-auto-height="false" data-aspect-ratio="0.75" scrolling="no" id="doc_59315" width="590" height="500" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
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<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download the poster</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc; width: 5%;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/Gender_matters_Guadalentin.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/download-documents/doc_download/200-gender-related-issues-guadalentin"><strong>Gender-related issues: Guadalentín, Spain</strong></a> [71 kB]</p>
</td>
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<p> </p>
<p> </p><p><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" src="http://www.scribd.com/embeds/49934679/content?start_page=1&view_mode=list&access_key=key-9xkgb4xdrkbz6whdaiq" data-auto-height="false" data-aspect-ratio="0.75" scrolling="no" id="doc_59315" width="590" height="500" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
<tbody>
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<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download the poster</strong></span></td>
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<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc; width: 5%;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/Gender_matters_Guadalentin.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/download-documents/doc_download/200-gender-related-issues-guadalentin"><strong>Gender-related issues: Guadalentín, Spain</strong></a> [71 kB]</p>
</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Land degradation and conservation maps2009-06-08T12:51:14Z2009-06-08T12:51:14Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/guadalentin-spain/264-sustainable-land-management-map-murcia-spainJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>
The WOCAT tool for mapping land degradation and sustainable land management has been used in the Torrealvilla sub-catchment of the Guadalentín study site. Using the tool, an interdisciplinary team of specialists has recorded observations of land degradation, sustainable land management and recommendations for further prevention or mitigation on a land use base map. </p>
<p> </p>
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<td align="left" width="78%">
<select name="mapchoice">
<option value="1">Land use: type</option>
<option value="2">Land use: trends</option>
<option value="3">Degradation: type</option>
<option value="4">Degradation: extent</option>
<option value="5">Degradation: degree</option>
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<option value="7">Land conservation: extent</option>
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<option value="11">Expert recommendations</option>
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<b>Comments</b></td>
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<img alt="" name="mymap" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/1.Torrealvilla_Landuse.jpg" width="595" />
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<p style="text-align: right;"><em>Map version: 28Nov11</em></p><p> </p>
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<span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
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<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=14&Itemid=166&lang=en">»Assessment and mapping methodology; summary results from all study sites</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
</p><p>
The WOCAT tool for mapping land degradation and sustainable land management has been used in the Torrealvilla sub-catchment of the Guadalentín study site. Using the tool, an interdisciplinary team of specialists has recorded observations of land degradation, sustainable land management and recommendations for further prevention or mitigation on a land use base map. </p>
<p> </p>
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<select name="mapchoice">
<option value="1">Land use: type</option>
<option value="2">Land use: trends</option>
<option value="3">Degradation: type</option>
<option value="4">Degradation: extent</option>
<option value="5">Degradation: degree</option>
<option value="6">Land conservation: groups</option>
<option value="7">Land conservation: extent</option>
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<textarea cols="78" name="comment" rows="1"></textarea></td>
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<img alt="" name="mymap" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/1.Torrealvilla_Landuse.jpg" width="595" />
</form>
<p style="text-align: right;"><em>Map version: 28Nov11</em></p><p> </p>
<table border="0" style="width: 595px;">
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<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;">
<span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
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<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;">
<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=14&Itemid=166&lang=en">»Assessment and mapping methodology; summary results from all study sites</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
</p>Evaluating the desertification risk assessment tool with local experimental results2013-09-30T12:13:38Z2013-09-30T12:13:38Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/guadalentin-spain/899-evaluating-the-desertification-risk-assessment-tool-with-experimental-resultsJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p><em>Author: Victor Jetten</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Introduction</strong><br />In the Guadalentín basin in south-eastern Spain, land degradation is considered severe due to a combination of several factors. The semi-arid climate has dry summers followed by intense autumn rainfall, while there is a steep topography and fragile soils. Desertification takes the form of soil erosion and drought. Moreover, considerable land use changes have taken place over the last centuries, which is an important driving force for further degradation in the area. Different conservation techniques used are: water harvesting with irrigation by captured runoff water, minimum tillage, mulch and green manure.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The most dominant soil types in the Torrealvilla study area are Regosols, Fluvisols, Calcisols, Gypsisols and Leptosols (FAO, 2006). The experimental plots are located on Calcisols and Regosols under relatively gentle to moderate slopes between 5 and 15 %. The climate is semi-arid with a mean annual rainfall around 300 mm. Droughts, centered in summer commonly last for more than 4-5 months. Annual potential evapotranspiration rates larger than 1000 mm are common.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Desertification indices</strong><br />The index was calculated for water erosion, tillage erosion and water stress. A single set of values is selected and the conservation techniques are implemented as good as possible, selecting a combination of variables related to the technologies. A distinction is made for almonds that grow as separated bushes with bare soil in between, and cereals which have a denser seasonal cover. The almonds grow on terraces, while the cereals are on gently sloping terrain.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Generally water erosion is identified as a moderate risk followed by tillage erosion (moderate) and water stress (no risk).</p>
<ul>
<li>Almonds and water harvesting: water harvesting cannot really be implemented except as runoff control which slightly decreases the water erosion, also the fields are on terraced land. Water stress is not identified as a problem. The experiment showed that water harvesting was a success in terms of yield increase although the effect on desertification was not very direct. From that point of view the assessment tool is correct.</li>
<li>Almonds and reduced tillage: the tool shows a clear effect and water and tillage erosion reduce to low risk (in line with reality). Note that minimum tillage ignores the ploughing setting, so tillage operations have to be set to “no ploughing”.</li>
<li>Almonds and green manure (green cover) is parameterized as sustainable farming “inducing cover” and soil erosion control measures with an increase of cover to “adequate 75%”. Oddly enough this does not influence water erosion which is comparable to the unmitigated situation. This is not according to reality.</li>
<li>Cereals and minimum tillage: similar to Almonds and minimumtillage. The plant cover does not sem to have an effect on the water erosion: a cover of < 25% or >75% does not generate a difference.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Guad%201.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Guad%201.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Guad%202.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Guad%202.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Unmitigated situation, almonds</em></td>
<td><em>Almonds and water harvesting</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Guad%203.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Guad%203.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Guad%204.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Guad%204.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Almonds and minimum tillage</em></td>
<td><em>Almonds and green manure/cover</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Guad%205.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Guad%205.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Cereals and minimum tillage</em></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</strong></p>
<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />The assessment tool does not permit very well the inclusion of conservation measures implemented in Spain. Clear reductions in runoff measured for minimum tillage and green cover under almonds were only shown as a slight decrease in risk. The overall picture is correct but the effect of the technologies seems minimal. Water stress is not identified while this is generally a problem in the area. Interestingly tillage erosion is seen as a moderate hazard which could be an indication for further research. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Certain variables are not linked: minimum tillage can be selected with ploughing as a tillage operation which will then ignore minimum tillage. A soil cover does not seem to have an effect on water erosion.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... general conclusions and results from other study sites<br /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=898:evaluating-the-desertification-risk-assessment-tool-with-experimental-results&catid=275:desertification-risk-assessment-tool&Itemid=629">»Evaluating the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool with experimental results</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><p><em>Author: Victor Jetten</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Introduction</strong><br />In the Guadalentín basin in south-eastern Spain, land degradation is considered severe due to a combination of several factors. The semi-arid climate has dry summers followed by intense autumn rainfall, while there is a steep topography and fragile soils. Desertification takes the form of soil erosion and drought. Moreover, considerable land use changes have taken place over the last centuries, which is an important driving force for further degradation in the area. Different conservation techniques used are: water harvesting with irrigation by captured runoff water, minimum tillage, mulch and green manure.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The most dominant soil types in the Torrealvilla study area are Regosols, Fluvisols, Calcisols, Gypsisols and Leptosols (FAO, 2006). The experimental plots are located on Calcisols and Regosols under relatively gentle to moderate slopes between 5 and 15 %. The climate is semi-arid with a mean annual rainfall around 300 mm. Droughts, centered in summer commonly last for more than 4-5 months. Annual potential evapotranspiration rates larger than 1000 mm are common.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Desertification indices</strong><br />The index was calculated for water erosion, tillage erosion and water stress. A single set of values is selected and the conservation techniques are implemented as good as possible, selecting a combination of variables related to the technologies. A distinction is made for almonds that grow as separated bushes with bare soil in between, and cereals which have a denser seasonal cover. The almonds grow on terraces, while the cereals are on gently sloping terrain.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Generally water erosion is identified as a moderate risk followed by tillage erosion (moderate) and water stress (no risk).</p>
<ul>
<li>Almonds and water harvesting: water harvesting cannot really be implemented except as runoff control which slightly decreases the water erosion, also the fields are on terraced land. Water stress is not identified as a problem. The experiment showed that water harvesting was a success in terms of yield increase although the effect on desertification was not very direct. From that point of view the assessment tool is correct.</li>
<li>Almonds and reduced tillage: the tool shows a clear effect and water and tillage erosion reduce to low risk (in line with reality). Note that minimum tillage ignores the ploughing setting, so tillage operations have to be set to “no ploughing”.</li>
<li>Almonds and green manure (green cover) is parameterized as sustainable farming “inducing cover” and soil erosion control measures with an increase of cover to “adequate 75%”. Oddly enough this does not influence water erosion which is comparable to the unmitigated situation. This is not according to reality.</li>
<li>Cereals and minimum tillage: similar to Almonds and minimumtillage. The plant cover does not sem to have an effect on the water erosion: a cover of < 25% or >75% does not generate a difference.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Guad%201.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Guad%201.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Guad%202.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Guad%202.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Unmitigated situation, almonds</em></td>
<td><em>Almonds and water harvesting</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Guad%203.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Guad%203.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Guad%204.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Guad%204.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Almonds and minimum tillage</em></td>
<td><em>Almonds and green manure/cover</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Guad%205.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Guad%205.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Cereals and minimum tillage</em></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</strong></p>
<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />The assessment tool does not permit very well the inclusion of conservation measures implemented in Spain. Clear reductions in runoff measured for minimum tillage and green cover under almonds were only shown as a slight decrease in risk. The overall picture is correct but the effect of the technologies seems minimal. Water stress is not identified while this is generally a problem in the area. Interestingly tillage erosion is seen as a moderate hazard which could be an indication for further research. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Certain variables are not linked: minimum tillage can be selected with ploughing as a tillage operation which will then ignore minimum tillage. A soil cover does not seem to have an effect on water erosion.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... general conclusions and results from other study sites<br /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=898:evaluating-the-desertification-risk-assessment-tool-with-experimental-results&catid=275:desertification-risk-assessment-tool&Itemid=629">»Evaluating the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool with experimental results</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>Identifying strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 12008-07-15T12:09:17Z2008-07-15T12:09:17Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/guadalentin-spain/178-stakeholder-workshop-1-murcia-spainJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>The first DESIRE stakeholder workshop on conservation measures in the Guadalentin drainage basin, held the 21 February 2008 in the village of Totana.</p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #7b9ebd;">
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>The workshop objectives were:<br />1. Mutual learning<br />2. Identification of relevant land degradation problems in the Guadalentin<br />3. Identification of existing and new soil conservation strategies<br />4. Selection of 3-5 promising solutions for land degradation for further evaluation and study after the workshop</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Potential solutions as identified by stakeholders</strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3_1_Spain_1.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="59" width="80" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3_1_Spain_2.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="61" width="80" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3_1_Spain_3.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="55" width="80" /></p>
<p> </p>
<img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3_1_Spain_4.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="60" width="80" />
<p> </p>
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3_1_Spain_5.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="53" width="80" /></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 500px;" rowspan="2" valign="top">
<p>1. Minimum and/or correct tillage.<br />2. Controlled urbanisation.<br />3. Mulching with organic or non-organic material<br />4. Green manure.<br />5. Selection of species economically and agronomically adapted to the region.<br />6. Control over the amount of water use per hectare as well as the total area with irrigated crops.<br />7. Re-vegetation with species with a low evapotranspiration.<br />8. Transfer of organic matter from the urban to rural areas<br />9. Collective application of measures.<br />10. Integration of agricultural and ecological systems ("mosaic landscape").<br />11. Liquid manure ->biogas-> fertilizer.<br />12. Payments to farmers for reducing organic matter on the forest floor.<br />13. Terraces and vegetation strips.<br />14. Water harvesting structures.<br />15. Apply nutrients to the fields.<br />16. Better law enforcement by the administration.<br />17. Shift to ecological agriculture/high quality products.<br />18. "Naturally formed graded terraces"<br />19. Rationalize crop rotations with livestock</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Promising strategies selected by stakeholders</strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="width: 200px;">
<p>All participants were asked to vote on the 19 potential conservation measures by putting a coloured sticker above the preferred measure. Each participant was given 5 votes, except farmers who were given 8 votes. The 5 most voted measures were selected.</p>
<p>As farmers voted in a different colour, separate lists were made to highlight the differences in priorities between farmers and other stakeholders.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Spain_8.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="262" width="400" /></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Resulting overall strategy</strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Spain_9.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="220" width="400" /></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>The resulting overall strategy, based on the evaluation and selection of promising strategies.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p><strong>Main conclusions: strengths and weaknesses</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>All participants seem convinced about the need to maintain soil as a valuable resource, although it is not evident if it is their priority.</li>
<li>The farmers are open to apply conservation measures on their fields, but need economic help from the administration.</li>
<li>Farmers stress the fact that close collaboration through agricultural cooperatives is required to apply conservation measures.</li>
<li>All farmers also agree that it is fundamental to develop a strategy at regional level, since application of most measures at the individual or farm level is considered useless.</li>
<li>There seems to be some disagreement on the kind of conservation measures proposed by the administration (regional and EU) and those that are considered feasible by the farmers.</li>
<li>All participants agree that an important unfavourable factor for soil conservation and sustainable development is the absence of young people with interest in farming and the loss of traditional knowledge on soil and water conservation in agricultural landscapes.</li>
<li>Of the five most voted conservation measures, two were highly valued by both farmers and other stakeholders: "minimum/correct tillage" and "the integration of ecological and agricultural systems".</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download the full report and poster and see results and general conclusions from other study sites</strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong><br data-mce-bogus="1" /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3.1_Stakeholder_Workshop_1_Spain__Report_9_vJul08_-1.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="110" width="80" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom">
<p>English: <a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=41&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Spain (report) (<span class="small">1.61 MB</span>)</strong></a></p>
Español:<strong> </strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=77&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Spain (report)_ES (<span class="small">1.66 MB</span>)</strong></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3.1_Stakeholder_Workshop_1_Spain__results_poster_.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="109" width="80" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=47&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Spain (results poster) (<span class="small">134.79 kB</span>)</strong></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong>»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 1 methodology and summary results from all study sites</strong></a><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong></strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><p>The first DESIRE stakeholder workshop on conservation measures in the Guadalentin drainage basin, held the 21 February 2008 in the village of Totana.</p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #7b9ebd;">
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>The workshop objectives were:<br />1. Mutual learning<br />2. Identification of relevant land degradation problems in the Guadalentin<br />3. Identification of existing and new soil conservation strategies<br />4. Selection of 3-5 promising solutions for land degradation for further evaluation and study after the workshop</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Potential solutions as identified by stakeholders</strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3_1_Spain_1.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="59" width="80" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3_1_Spain_2.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="61" width="80" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3_1_Spain_3.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="55" width="80" /></p>
<p> </p>
<img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3_1_Spain_4.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="60" width="80" />
<p> </p>
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3_1_Spain_5.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="53" width="80" /></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 500px;" rowspan="2" valign="top">
<p>1. Minimum and/or correct tillage.<br />2. Controlled urbanisation.<br />3. Mulching with organic or non-organic material<br />4. Green manure.<br />5. Selection of species economically and agronomically adapted to the region.<br />6. Control over the amount of water use per hectare as well as the total area with irrigated crops.<br />7. Re-vegetation with species with a low evapotranspiration.<br />8. Transfer of organic matter from the urban to rural areas<br />9. Collective application of measures.<br />10. Integration of agricultural and ecological systems ("mosaic landscape").<br />11. Liquid manure ->biogas-> fertilizer.<br />12. Payments to farmers for reducing organic matter on the forest floor.<br />13. Terraces and vegetation strips.<br />14. Water harvesting structures.<br />15. Apply nutrients to the fields.<br />16. Better law enforcement by the administration.<br />17. Shift to ecological agriculture/high quality products.<br />18. "Naturally formed graded terraces"<br />19. Rationalize crop rotations with livestock</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Promising strategies selected by stakeholders</strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="width: 200px;">
<p>All participants were asked to vote on the 19 potential conservation measures by putting a coloured sticker above the preferred measure. Each participant was given 5 votes, except farmers who were given 8 votes. The 5 most voted measures were selected.</p>
<p>As farmers voted in a different colour, separate lists were made to highlight the differences in priorities between farmers and other stakeholders.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Spain_8.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="262" width="400" /></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Resulting overall strategy</strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Spain_9.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="220" width="400" /></td>
<td valign="top">
<p>The resulting overall strategy, based on the evaluation and selection of promising strategies.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p><strong>Main conclusions: strengths and weaknesses</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>All participants seem convinced about the need to maintain soil as a valuable resource, although it is not evident if it is their priority.</li>
<li>The farmers are open to apply conservation measures on their fields, but need economic help from the administration.</li>
<li>Farmers stress the fact that close collaboration through agricultural cooperatives is required to apply conservation measures.</li>
<li>All farmers also agree that it is fundamental to develop a strategy at regional level, since application of most measures at the individual or farm level is considered useless.</li>
<li>There seems to be some disagreement on the kind of conservation measures proposed by the administration (regional and EU) and those that are considered feasible by the farmers.</li>
<li>All participants agree that an important unfavourable factor for soil conservation and sustainable development is the absence of young people with interest in farming and the loss of traditional knowledge on soil and water conservation in agricultural landscapes.</li>
<li>Of the five most voted conservation measures, two were highly valued by both farmers and other stakeholders: "minimum/correct tillage" and "the integration of ecological and agricultural systems".</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download the full report and poster and see results and general conclusions from other study sites</strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong><br data-mce-bogus="1" /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3.1_Stakeholder_Workshop_1_Spain__Report_9_vJul08_-1.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="110" width="80" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom">
<p>English: <a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=41&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Spain (report) (<span class="small">1.61 MB</span>)</strong></a></p>
Español:<strong> </strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=77&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Spain (report)_ES (<span class="small">1.66 MB</span>)</strong></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3.1_Stakeholder_Workshop_1_Spain__results_poster_.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="109" width="80" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=47&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Spain (results poster) (<span class="small">134.79 kB</span>)</strong></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong>»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 1 methodology and summary results from all study sites</strong></a><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong></strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Evaluating strategies: technologies and approaches documented2011-02-21T18:35:58Z2011-02-21T18:35:58Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/guadalentin-spain/526-evaluating-strategies-technologies-and-approaches-documentedJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/technology.jpg.jpg" width="105" /></td>
<td valign="bottom">
<p>Stakeholder Workshop 1 identified a number of existing or potential strategies to combat desertification and land degradation in the Guadalentín study site. In the months following the workshop these strategies (technologies or approaches) were documented and evaluated in a structured and standardised way and their descriptions were entered in the WOCAT Technologies and Approaches databases in order to share the information with other DESIRE sites as well as globally.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>For details of all Technologies and Approaches documented in the WOCAT Database (from the DESIRE study sites and from other sites worldwide), see</p>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQT/qt_report.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Technologies Database </a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQA/SearchApproach.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Approaches Database</a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>For those relating to this study site, click on the Name of technology or Name of approach to go directly to the descriptions in the database.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><a style="cursor: help; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;"> WOCAT </a>Technologies Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of technology</span> <br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author </span><br /></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA01</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=162">»Reduced contour tillage of cereals in semi-arid environments</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA02</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=547">»Vegetated earth-banked terraces</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA03</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=548">»Organic mulch under almond trees</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Solé Benet Albert, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA04 </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=549">»Water harvesting from concentrated runoff for irrigation purposes</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA05</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=275">»Ecological production of almonds and olives using green manure</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br /><strong>WOCAT Approaches Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><span style="color: #ffffff;"> </span><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of approach </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA01</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=200">»Regional rural development programme</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/potential-strategies/evaluating-strategies"><strong>»Evaluating strategies - overview</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/technology.jpg.jpg" width="105" /></td>
<td valign="bottom">
<p>Stakeholder Workshop 1 identified a number of existing or potential strategies to combat desertification and land degradation in the Guadalentín study site. In the months following the workshop these strategies (technologies or approaches) were documented and evaluated in a structured and standardised way and their descriptions were entered in the WOCAT Technologies and Approaches databases in order to share the information with other DESIRE sites as well as globally.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>For details of all Technologies and Approaches documented in the WOCAT Database (from the DESIRE study sites and from other sites worldwide), see</p>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQT/qt_report.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Technologies Database </a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQA/SearchApproach.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Approaches Database</a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>For those relating to this study site, click on the Name of technology or Name of approach to go directly to the descriptions in the database.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><a style="cursor: help; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;"> WOCAT </a>Technologies Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of technology</span> <br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author </span><br /></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA01</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=162">»Reduced contour tillage of cereals in semi-arid environments</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA02</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=547">»Vegetated earth-banked terraces</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA03</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=548">»Organic mulch under almond trees</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Solé Benet Albert, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA04 </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=549">»Water harvesting from concentrated runoff for irrigation purposes</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA05</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=275">»Ecological production of almonds and olives using green manure</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br /><strong>WOCAT Approaches Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><span style="color: #ffffff;"> </span><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of approach </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Spain</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">SPA01</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=200">»Regional rural development programme</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/potential-strategies/evaluating-strategies"><strong>»Evaluating strategies - overview</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Selecting strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 22009-05-21T17:12:47Z2009-05-21T17:12:47Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/guadalentin-spain/251-stakeholder-workshop-2-murcia-spainJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>Results and conclusions from Stakeholder Workshop 2 "Selection and decision on technologies/approaches to be implemented", held in Totana, 26-27 June 2008.</p>
<p><em>Authors: Jorge López, Joris de Vente, Albert Solé</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>The workshop methodology was designed and coordinated through <strong>Research Theme 3: Potential prevention & mitigation strategies</strong> and consisted of three main elements:</p>
<ul>
<li>A participatory approach to guide and lead the workshop participants through a process of multi-criteria evaluation of different options which finally results in decision-making on strategies to be field-tested.</li>
<li>The WOCAT database containing locally applied options as well as options from a number of other contexts.</li>
<li>'Facilitator', a Multi Objective Decision Support System (MODSS) software to support the single steps of the evaluation and decision-making process.</li>
</ul>
<p>Target groups were the same as in the 1st workshop: local stakeholders (land users, representatives of local authorities, local NGOs) and external stakeholders (researchers, development professionals, NGOs, GOs).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>As a result of the workshop, the following measures were selected for testing in field experiments.</p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ffffff; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;"></span></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ffffff; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Measures<br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ffffff; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Specifications<br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ffffff; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Type<br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ffffff; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Land use<br /></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5" style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig2-14.jpg.jpg" height="113" width="153" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Reduced tillage of dryland cereals</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">With disc-plough</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">agronomic</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Green manure in ecological agriculture of almonds</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Seeding mixture of cereals and <em>Vicia sativa</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">agronomic</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Reduced tillage in ecological agriculture of almonds</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">2 tillages instead of 3-5 per year</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">agronomic</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Traditional water harvesting</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Earthen wall to divert water from a river bed</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">structural</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Organic straw mulch under almonds</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">To prevent losses by evapotranspiration</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">agronomic</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download full report and see general results and conclusions from other study sites</strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong><br data-mce-bogus="1" /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/cover-10.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="115" width="80" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom">Español <a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=109&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.3 Stakeholder Workshop 2: Spain (report)_ES (<span class="small">995.24 kB</span>)</strong></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=23&Itemid=179&lang=en"><strong>»</strong><strong><strong>Selecting strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 2 methodology and summary results from all study sites</strong></strong></a><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=23&Itemid=179&lang=en"><strong></strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><p>Results and conclusions from Stakeholder Workshop 2 "Selection and decision on technologies/approaches to be implemented", held in Totana, 26-27 June 2008.</p>
<p><em>Authors: Jorge López, Joris de Vente, Albert Solé</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>The workshop methodology was designed and coordinated through <strong>Research Theme 3: Potential prevention & mitigation strategies</strong> and consisted of three main elements:</p>
<ul>
<li>A participatory approach to guide and lead the workshop participants through a process of multi-criteria evaluation of different options which finally results in decision-making on strategies to be field-tested.</li>
<li>The WOCAT database containing locally applied options as well as options from a number of other contexts.</li>
<li>'Facilitator', a Multi Objective Decision Support System (MODSS) software to support the single steps of the evaluation and decision-making process.</li>
</ul>
<p>Target groups were the same as in the 1st workshop: local stakeholders (land users, representatives of local authorities, local NGOs) and external stakeholders (researchers, development professionals, NGOs, GOs).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>As a result of the workshop, the following measures were selected for testing in field experiments.</p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ffffff; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;"></span></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ffffff; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Measures<br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ffffff; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Specifications<br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ffffff; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Type<br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ffffff; background-color: #c3d2df;" valign="top"><strong>Land use<br /></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5" style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/fig2-14.jpg.jpg" height="113" width="153" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Reduced tillage of dryland cereals</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">With disc-plough</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">agronomic</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Green manure in ecological agriculture of almonds</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Seeding mixture of cereals and <em>Vicia sativa</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">agronomic</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Reduced tillage in ecological agriculture of almonds</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">2 tillages instead of 3-5 per year</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">agronomic</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Traditional water harvesting</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Earthen wall to divert water from a river bed</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">structural</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">Organic straw mulch under almonds</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">To prevent losses by evapotranspiration</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">agronomic</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #c3d2df; background-color: #ffffff;" valign="top">cropland</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download full report and see general results and conclusions from other study sites</strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong><br data-mce-bogus="1" /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/cover-10.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="115" width="80" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom">Español <a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=109&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.3 Stakeholder Workshop 2: Spain (report)_ES (<span class="small">995.24 kB</span>)</strong></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=23&Itemid=179&lang=en"><strong>»</strong><strong><strong>Selecting strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 2 methodology and summary results from all study sites</strong></strong></a><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=23&Itemid=179&lang=en"><strong></strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>