3. Potential strategies

Contact the CDE team

2012-12-04T11:11:29Z

Institute full name:	Universität Bern, Centre for Development and Environment
Institute acronym:	UNIBE-CDE
Institute profile:	CDE is the University of Bern's centre for sustainable development research. It aims to contribute to sustainable development worldwide through research partnerships, education and training, development of concepts and tools, and policy advice. CDE's focuses include management of natural resources, sustainable regional development, and interventions that maximise human potential to address the challenges of global change. The goals are to understand the effects of global change on natural resources and people's lives; develop and disseminate context-specific and multi-sectoral innovations; and, through education, promote learning for and from sustainable development. Combining methods, such as GIS-based earth observation and participatory field-based analysis, is typical of CDE's approach. CDE hosts the secretariat of WOCAT (World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies) and is the lead institution for the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South. Within DESIRE, CDE is coordinating Research Theme 3.
Website	www.cde.unibe.ch
Address	Universität Bern, Centre for Development and Environment CDE Hallerstrasse 10 3012 Bern Switzerland Tel: +41 31 631 88 22 Fax: +41 31 631 85 44 info@cde.unibe.ch
Institute logo

Involved personnel

Name	Contact details	Key qualifications	Photo
Prof. Dr. Hans Hurni	Tel: +41 31 631 88 22 E-mail: hans.hurni@cde.unibe.ch	President of the CDE board; Director of NCCR-NS; Professor of Geography at the University of Berne. Professional focus on natural resource management.
Dr Gudrun Schwilch	Tel: +41 31 631 54 59 E-mail: gudrun.schwilch@cde.unibe.ch	Senior research scientist / geographer. Head of Cluster Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services. Professional focus on sustainable land management and desertification mitigation.
Felicitas Bachmann M.A.	Tel: +41 31 631 85 83 Email: Felicitas.Bachmann@cde.unibe.ch	Senior Research Scientist / Social Anthropologist. Professional focus on learning for sustainability, social learning processes, development of training tools and approaches, sustainable resource management and sustainable development.
Dr. Hanspeter Liniger	Tel: +41 31 631 88 45 E-mail: Hanspeter.liniger@cde.unibe.ch	Senior Research Scientist, coordinator of WOCAT. Professional focus on evaluation of natural resource management and its local and regional impacts on water and soil productivity.

Main contributors to "Potential prevention and mitigation strategies"

2012-12-03T11:44:49Z

»Centre for Development and Environment (CH)

Gudrun Schwilch, Hans Hurni, Felicitas Bachmann, Hanspeter Liniger

... and all the study site teams

»Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (ES)	»Universidade de Aveiro (PT)
»Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra (PT)	»University of Wales Swansea
»Agricultural University of Athens (GR)	»Democritus University of Thrace (GR)
»Eskişehir Osmangazi University (TR)	»UNESCO-GN Chair, University Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat (MA)
»Institut des Régions Arides (TN)	»Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering (RU)
»Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)	»University of Botswana (BW)
»Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (FR)	»Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CL)
»Instituto Nacional de Investigação e Desenvolvimento Agrário (CV)

Stakeholder Workshop 2: Synthesis report

2009-06-15T17:38:39Z

This report

provides results from the single steps of the assessment and decision-making process in the study sites;
identifies strengths and weaknesses of the methodology as well as challenges in its use.

In general, the feedback on the workshop methodology was positive. However, in some sites it was found too difficult to use it when working with participants with a low educational level.

The methodology was found challenging because of the following.

Adaptation of options from other contexts: working with external options (from WOCAT DB) requires a good understanding of SLM principles and appropriate experience to properly adapt them to the local context.
Decision support software: moderators must be clear about the potential and limitations of the Facilitator software to avoid false expectations and mistrust.
Complexity of methodology: the consecutive steps which build on each other and the complexity of the methodology render its implementation challenging for all involved partners.
Integration of the three components of the stakeholder workshop methodology: to make sure that the parts fit together some continuity is required from Workshop 1 to Workshop 2 regarding: composition of stakeholders that participate; SLM objectives focused on; selected options.

Strengths of the methodology

Weaknesses of the methodology

Well structured. Methodology leads step-by-step through a clearly structured decision-making process.
Facilitator software. Runs complex calculations which would be difficult to do manually; graphs allow visual comparison.
Mutual understanding. Negotiation requires that different points of view are listened to and discussed. This encourages changes in perspectives and mind sets, and enhances respecting and understanding different stakeholders’ perceptions.
Commitment of stakeholders. Seeking commitment for implementation process was possible due to: exchange of ideas and experience; trust; interaction and collaboration among different stakeholder groups. This process started in Workshop 1 and continued to Workshop 2:

Rigidity of the procedure. Steps cannot be skipped without hampering the result.
Software bugs. Facilitator is not as easy-to-use as expected; it still has bugs.
Lack of embedding in a broader SLM strategy. Short workshop duration impedes in-depth discussion to define a broader SLM strategy, which would allow to embed the selected technologies in a broader context and perspective, taking into account relevant socio-economic, institutional and policy issues.
Limited knowledge exchange between study sites. Conservative attitudes towards previously unknown technologies and the fact that options from other contexts only enter the process in the Workshop 2 (after local options have been discussed a lot in the Workshop 1) bear the risk that these ‘new’ options are ‘overlooked’ and not considered enough.

More details ... read on-line or download the full report
	Synthesis of all Stakeholder Workshops 2
	Synthesis of all Stakeholder Workshops 2

Ready-to-implement measures for each study site

2009-06-15T17:14:48Z

The selected measures presented here are the final result of the second stakeholder workshops. The detailed reports of these workshops and a synthesis will be provided in »Stakeholder Workshop 2: Synthesis report.

The list of measures includes the names, some specifications (if available), the type (agronomic, vegetative, structural, management or a combination thereof) and the land use type on which the measure will be applied.

Further details of implementation and monitoring can be found in the »Field experiments: design and implementation.

List of measures selected

Study site	Measures	Specifications	Type	Land use
Spain, Guadalentín Basin	Reduced tillage of dryland cereals	With disc-plough	agronomic	cropland
	Green manure in ecological agriculture of almonds	Seeding mixture of cereals and Vicia sativa	agronomic	cropland
	Reduced tillage in ecological agriculture of almonds	2 tillages instead of 3-5 per year	agronomic	cropland
	Traditional water harvesting	Earthen wall to divert water from a river bed	structural	cropland
	Organic straw mulch under almonds	to prevent losses by evapotranspiration	agronomic	cropland
Portugal, Maçao and Góis	Preventive forestry	Including strategic management of fuel strips	management	forest land
Portugal, Maçao and Góis	Prescribed fire		management	forest land
Italy, Rendina Basin, Basilicata		No specific implementation. Monitoring of whole Rendina Basin and few existing measures, such as minimum tillage and green cover.
Greece, Crete	No tillage		agronomic	cropland
Greece, Crete	Sustainable grazing		management	grazing land
Greece, Nestos Basin, Maggana	Transport of freshwater from local streams	Instead of saline groundwater	management	cropland
Turkey, Konya Karapinar Plain	Caragana korschinskii planting	In rows perpendicular to dominant wind direction, i.e. E-W. This technology normally embraces fencing and later rotational grazing.	vegetative, management	grazing land
Turkey, Konya Karapinar Plain	No tillage		agronomic	(irrigated) cropland
Turkey, Eskisehir Plain	Sloping terraces with vegetated borders		structural, vegetative	cropland
Turkey, Eskisehir Plain	Caragana korschinskii planting	Contour parallel planting of this or another shrub specie of similar properties	vegetative, management	grazing land
Morocco, Mamora / Sehoul	Vegetative strips		vegetative	cropland
	Mulching combined with crop rotation	Rotation of cereals with fodder crops and legumes	agronomic	cropland
	Gully treatment	Treatment with trees / bushes and maybe structural measures, combined with (temporal) area closure	vegetative, structural, management	grazing land
Tunisia, Zeuss-Koutine	Jessour	Runoff water harvesting technique	structural	cropland
	Gabion check dam	Flood water harvesting	structural	cropland
	Rangeland resting	Enclosure	management	grazing land
Russia, Djanybek	Drip irrigation		structural, management	cropland
Russia, Novyi, Saratov	Drip irrigation		structural, management	cropland
China, Yan River Basin	Level bench terrace		structural	cropland
China, Yan River Basin	Reforestation
Botswana, Mopipi, Boteti Area	Biogas	To conserve woody vegetation	management	grazing land
Mexico, Cointzio Catchment		no information
Chile, Secano Interior	Zero tillage	Including crop rotation	agronomic	cropland
Cape Verde, Ribeira Seca Watershed	Forestation according to the climate for each zone of the study site
Cape Verde, Ribeira Seca Watershed	Green belts on slopes	Combination between Aloe vera and Cajanus cajan or Leucaena leucocephala	vegetative	cropland

More details ... download the full report
	WP3.3 Ready-to-implement measures for each study site [0.24 MB]

WOCAT - World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies

2009-01-13T11:19:59Z

WOCAT's vision is that land and livelihoods are improved through sharing and enhancing knowledge about sustainable land management.

WOCAT's mission is to support innovation and decision-making processes in sustainable land management, particularly in connection with soil and water conservation (SWC). This is done by:

connecting stakeholders,
analysing and synthesising experiences and setting directions,
enhancing capacity knowledge,
developing and applying standardized tools for documenting, monitoring, evaluating, sharing and using knowledge

More details ... go to the WOCAT website
	WOCAT website
	All WOCAT and WOCAT related publications including articles, papers, proceedings, presentations and posters are compiled in the WOCAT documentation database WOCAT Documentation Database
	Fully documented and evaluated sustainable land management technologies from study sites worldwide WOCAT Technologies Database
	Fully documented and evaluated sustainable land management approaches from study sites worldwide WOCAT Approaches Database

Database of evaluated strategies from all study sites

2008-11-19T08:52:05Z

Stakeholder Workshop 1 identified a number of existing or potential strategies to combat desertification and land degradation in the each of the study sites. In the months following the workshop these strategies (technologies or approaches) were documented and evaluated in a structured and standardised way and their descriptions were entered in the WOCAT Technologies and Approaches databases in order to share the information with other DESIRE sites as well as globally.

For details of all Technologies and Approaches documented in the WOCAT Database (from the DESIRE study sites and from other sites worldwide), see

A total of 42 sustainable land management technologies and 20 sustainable land management approaches have been evaluated and documented by the DESIRE study sites. Click on the Name of technology or Name of approach to go directly to those descriptions in the database.

WOCAT Technologies Database

Country	Code	Name of technology	Author
Botswana	BOT04	»Roof rainwater harvesting system	Atlhopheng Julius, University of Botswana
Botswana	BOT05	»Biogas	Sebego Reuben, University of Botswana
Botswana	BOT06	»Solar Cooker	Mulale Kutlwano, University of Botswana
Botswana	BOT07	»Game Ranching	Mphinyane Wanda N, University of Botswana
Chile	CHL01	»No tillage preceded by subsoiling	Carlos Ruíz, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA)
China	CHN51	»Bench terraces on loess soil	Wang Fei, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR
China	CHN52	»Check dam for land	Wang Fei, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR
China	CHN53	»Progressive bench terrace	Wang Fei, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR
Cape Verde	CPV01	Dams	Bentub Jailson, INIDA
Cape Verde	CPV02	Muret	Bentub Jailson, INIDA
Cape Verde	CPV03	»Afforestation	Varela Larissa, INIDA
Cape Verde	CPV04	Terraços reforçados por murros de pedra	Varela Larissa, INIDA
Cape Verde	CPV05	Barreiras Vivas de Leucaena	Varela Larissa, INIDA
Cape Verde	CPV06	»Barrières végétales d’Aloe vera »Aloe vera living barriers	Varela Larissa, INIDA
Greece	GRE01	»Olive groves under no-tillage operations	Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens
Greece	GRE02	»Application of water by drip irrigation	Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens
Greece	GRE03	»No tillage operations, plastic nets permanently on the soil surface	Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens
Greece	GRE04	»Land terracing in olive groves	Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens
Greece	GRE05	»Transport of freshwater from local streams	Diamantis Vasileios, Democritus University of Thrace
Italy	ITA01	»Controlled grazing in deciduous woods as an alternate to grazing on rangeland	Borselli Lorenzo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica
Morocco	MOR11	Rotation culturale céréales/légumineuses alimentaires	Aderghal Mohamed, Université Med V-Agdal, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Chaire Unesco-GN
Morocco	MOR12	»Crops rotation: cereals / fodder legumes (lupin) »Rotation culturale: céréales/légumineuses fourragères (lupin)	Al karkouri Jamal, Chaire Unesco Environnement. Université Mohamed V. Faculté des Lettres et de Sciences humaines
Morocco	MOR13	»Assisted cork oak regeneration »Régénération assistée de chêne-liège	Chaker Miloud, Université Med V, FLSH, Rabat
Morocco	MOR14	»Olive tree plantations with intercropping »Plantations d'olivier avec cultures intercalaires	Nafaa Rachida, Université Med V-Agdal, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Chaire Unesco-GN
Morocco	MOR15	»Gully control by plantation of Atriplex »Restauration de versants ravinés par la plantation d'Atriplex	Laouina Abdellah, Chaire Unesco-GN, Faculté des Lettres et des Scie
Portugal	POR01	»Primary strip network system for fuel management	Coelho Celeste, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies - University of Aveiro
Portugal	POR02	»Prescribed fire	Palheiro Pedro, Autoridade Florestal Nacional
Russia	RUS01	»Drip irrigation	Zeyliger Anatoly, Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering
Spain	SPA01	»Reduced contour tillage of cereals in semi-arid environments	de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)
Spain	SPA02	»Vegetated earth-banked terraces	de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)
Spain	SPA03	»Organic mulch under almond trees	Solé Benet Albert, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)
Spain	SPA04	»Water harvesting from concentrated runoff for irrigation purposes	de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)
Spain	SPA05	»Ecological production of almonds and olives using green manure	de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC)
Tunisia	TUN09	»Jessour	Ben Zaied Mongi, Institut des Regions Arides (IRA)
Tunisia	TUN10	»Gabion check dam	Chniter Mongi, Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole (CRDA)
Tunisia	TUN11	»Rangelands resting	Ouled Belgacem Azaiez, Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
Tunisia	TUN12	»Tabia	Ouessar Mohamed, Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
Tunisia	TUN13	»Cistern	Ouessar Mohamed, Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
Tunisia	TUN14	»Recharge well	Ouessar Mohamed, Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
Turkey	TUR01	»Rotational grazing	Zengin Mehmet, University of Selcuk, Faculty of Agriculture
Turkey	TUR02	»Strip farming	Zengin Mehmet, University of Selcuk, Faculty of Agriculture
Turkey	TUR03	»Drip irrigation	Zengin Mehmet, Univ. of Selcuk, Faculty of agriculture, Dept. Of Soil Science
Turkey	TUR04	»Fodder crop production	Tolay Inci, Eskisehi Osmangazi University, Faculty of Agriculture

WOCAT Approaches Database

Country	Code	Name of approach	Author
Chile	CHL01	»Zero Tillage	Ruiz Carlos, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
Chile	CKL02	»Dissemination of soil conservation technologies in dryland areas	Carlos Ovalle, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
Cape Verde	CPV01	»Formation, Information et Sensibilisation	Tavares Jacques, Instituto Nacional de Investigação e Desenvolvimento Agrário (INIDA)
Cape Verde	CPV02	»Protection des versants	Tavares Jacques, Instituto Nacional de Investigação e Desenvolvimento Agrário (INIDA)
Cape Verde	CPV03	»Arborisation	Tavares Jacques, INIDA
Greece	GRE01	»Sustainable development of olive groves I	Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens
Greece	GRE02	»Sustainable use of water	Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens
Greece	GRE03	»Sustainable development of olive groves II	Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens
Greece	GRE04	»Sustainable development of olive groves III	Kosmas Costas, Agricultural University of Athens
Greece	GRE05	»Combating soil salinization	Giougis Ioannis, Democritus University of Thrace
Morocco	MOR11	»Rotation culturale céréales/légumineuses alimentaires ou fourragères	Al Karkouri Jamal, Chaire Unesco Environnement. Université Mohamed V. Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences humaines
Morocco	MOR13	»Régénération assistée du chêne liège	Chaker Miloud, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Département de Géographie
Morocco	MOR14	»Mise en valeur des terres en Bour »Development of rainfed agriculture	Nafaa Rachida, Université Mohammed V Agdal, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Chaire Unesco-GN
Portugal	POR01	»Forest Intervention Area	Coelho Celeste, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies - University of Aveiro
Russian Federation	RUS01	»Concerted thinking on common problems of water scarcity	Zeyliger Anatoly, Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering
Spain	SPA01	»Regional rural development programme	de Vente Joris, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC)
Tunisia	TUN01	»Dryland watershed management approach	Mahdhi Naceur, Institut des Régions Arides de Médenine
Turkey	TUR01	»Pasture management	Zengin Mehmet, Univ. of Selcuk, Faculty of Agriculture
Turkey	TUR02	»Crop production	Zengin Mehmet, Univ. of Selcuk, Fac. of Agric., Dept. of Soil Sci.
Turkey	TUR03	»Minimum water use	Zengin Mehmet, Univ. of Selcuk, Faulty of Agric. Dept. of Soil Sci.
Turkey	TUR04	»Fodder crops production	Tolay Inci, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Agriculture

More details ... download the full report
	WP3.2 Database with evaluated and successful or promising strategies [0.73 MB]

TUR01

»Rotational Grazing

Stakeholder Workshop 2: Guidelines

2008-07-16T14:21:22Z

These guidelines were a working instrument for use in conducting and moderating the DESIRE WB3 Stakeholder Workshop 2. The methodology was developed by the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE). It is based on experiences from the "Learning for sustainability (L4S)" (link expired) methodology and the WOCAT methodology.

1. Guidelines for Stakeholder Workshop 2: Selection and decision on prevention and mitigation strategies to be implemented

Content:

Introduction to the workshop guidelines
Overview on the programme of Stakeholder Workshop
Preparatory work of the moderator(s) prior to the workshop

The workshop - steps

Introduction to the workshop
Step 1: Review and adjustment of objectives
Step 2: Identification of options
Step 3: Identification of relevant criteria for evaluation
Step 4: Scoring the options
Step 5: Creating a hierarchy and ranking criteria
Step 6: Analysis and interpretation
Step 7: Prioritising of options - negotiation and decision making
Step 8: Embedding into the overall strategy
Evaluation and closure of the workshop

Annex 1: Report Format

2. Workshop support material

A variety of additional material (Facilitator software, database) is provided to support the workshops and the exercises. These are an essential to the workshop.

More details ... download the full Guidelines, Facilitator software and database
	WP3.3 Stakeholder Workshop 2: Guidelines [1.86 MB]
	WP3.3 Stakeholder Workshop 2: Facilitator software [3.65 MB] If Java is not available on your computer you should also download WP3.3 Java runtime environment for Facilitator software [14.27 MB]
	WOCAT database online

Stakeholder Workshop 2: Training session

2008-07-15T14:54:11Z

Bari, Italy, 31 March - 3 April 2008

Summary

The training workshop was attended by 25 participants from 13 countries. 12 study sites from Spain, Portugal, Italy, Turkey, Russia, Cape Verde, Morocco, Tunisia, Botswana and Chile were represented, as well as other working blocks and NGOs.

Day 1 The main focus was on the review of the achievements made by the study sites regarding WP3.1 and WP3.2 (the first two steps of the methodology). Each study site presented a poster with the main results from their first stakeholder workshop and a progress bar regarding the documentation and evaluation of promising mitigation strategies. Thereafter, WP3.3 was introduced and the concept of the second stakeholder workshop presented. The participants received the guidelines and software and with the help of this material, the training allowed to conduct practical exercises with a high learning effect. All methodological steps were conducted in small groups, each focusing on one selected objective of one study site. Participants also got the chance to act as moderators and stakeholders during certain steps.
Day 2 focused on the selection and definition of mitigation options based on a search in the WOCAT database, and the identification of criteria to score these options. The actual scoring was then done with the help of option cards placed on a scoring tool.
Day 3 was dedicated to the use of the decision support tool, the analysis of the results and the final negotiation over which option to select for test implementation. Some time was also used to update the planning matrix of Research Theme 3 activities for each study site, to reflect the role of the study site team, and to have a look at the next working block engaged in implementation and monitoring.
On Day 4, working block leaders and DESIRE coordinators joined the group for the excursion to the Rendina Basin, the Italian study site.

The training was well received by the participants. Everybody participated very actively and the outstanding group spirit from the Murcia training could be continued.

More details ... download the full report
	WP3.3 Training Session Report [4.69 MB]

Stakeholder Workshop 1: Training session

2007-11-13T13:49:17Z

Murcia, Spain, 1 to 5 October 2007

Brief summary

The DESIRE Research Theme 3 training workshop was attended by 21 participants from 12 DESIRE study sites in Spain, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, China, Russia, Cape Verde, Botswana, Mexico and Chile. The participants received the guidelines and material for the conduction of the stakeholder workshop 1 and the assessment of SLM strategies in advance. With the help of this material, the training allowed to conduct practical exercises with a high learning effect.

Participants also got the chance to act as moderators of certain exercises.

Day 1 focused on a general introduction to Research Theme 3 methodology and the introduction to the
objectives and the organisation of stakeholder workshop 1. This stakeholder workshop will
be organized in each study site and aims at a mutual learning on land degradation and
conservation and the identification of actual and potential solutions to mitigate desertification.
Day 2 was conducted in the field and allowed to experience certain exercises in the
Torrealvilla catchment of the Guadalentín basin (Spanish study site). A transect walk in two
groups enabled to illustrate the disturbances of the water and the biomass cycle, their
causes and impacts as well as their solutions.
Day 3 aimed at identifying the stakeholders and at assessing locally applied solutions as well
as potential strategies.
Day 4 included field training on the documentation and evaluation of applied technologies
and approaches in the Torrealvilla catchment. The 3 groups worked on the assessment of
terraces, contour ploughing and check dams.
Day 5 focused on the WOCAT database and the data review process. Enough time was also
dedicated to the tentative planning of Research Theme 3 activities for each study site.

The training was well received by the participants. They all participated very actively and
developed an outstanding group spirit.

More details ... download the full training session report
	WP3.1 Training Session Report (1.83 MB)

Evaluation of strategies: guidelines

2007-11-12T18:05:01Z

The evaluation of the strategies suggested in Stakeholder Workshop 1 followed guidelines developed by the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE). These are based on experiences from the "Learning for sustainability (L4S)" (link expired) methodology and the WOCAT methodology.

The evaluation involves the use of two questionnaires, one on sustainable land management technologies (QT) and the other on sustainable land management approaches (QA).

A sustainable land management technology

A sustainable land management approach

consists of one or more conservation measures belonging to the following categories:

agronomic (eg intercropping, contour cultivation, mulching),
vegetative (eg tree planting, hedge barriers, grass strips),
structural (eg graded banks or bunds, level bench terrace),
management (eg land use change, area closure, rotational grazing).

Combinations of above measures which are complimentary and thus enhance each other are part of a Technology.

consists of the following elements:

All participants (policy-makers, administrators, experts, technicians, land users, i.e. actors at all levels),
inputs and means (financial, material, legislative, etc.), and
know-how (technical, scientific, practical).

An Approach may include different levels of intervention, from the individual farm, through the community level, the extension / advisory system, the regional or national administration, or the policy level, to the international framework. Besides conservation activities introduced through projects or programmes, indigenous conservation measures and spontaneous adoptions or adaptations of Technologies are also included.

The questionnaires ask: (i) what are the specifications of the technology, and where is it used (natural and human environment), what impact does it have and (ii) how implementation of the approach was achieved and who achieved it. Each consists of three main parts:

general information;
specification of Technology/Approach;
analysis of Technology/Approach.

There are eight steps in the procedure that should be followed to enable a standardised and comprehensive evaluation of the existing and potential prevention and mitigation strategies.

Step 1: Get familiar with the questionnaires
Step 2. Define technologies and approaches
Step 3: Identify resource persons and documents
Step 4. Fill in the questionnaire
Step 5: Enter the data into the database
Step 6: Review
Step 7: Quality assurance
Step 8: Provide English version to DESIRE

Experience has shown that certain questions tend to cause confusion or difficulty and careful questionning and checking in the Review step is needed to ensure that the information collected is reliable. Description of strategies following a standardised format has enabled a database of approaches and techniques to be developed from sites world-wide. The DESIRE strategies have been added to that database.

More details ... download the guidelines, questionnaires and supporting documents
	WP3.2 Guidelines for evaluation of strategies [1.83 MB]
	English WP3.2 Technology questionnaire [1.44 MB] Türkçe WP3.2 Technology questionnaire_TR [0.93 MB) Português WP3.2 Technology questionnaire_PT [0.86 MB] Español WP3.2 Technology questionnaire_ES [0.59 MB] Français WP3.2 Technology questionnaire_FR [0.73 MB] Chinese WP3.2 Technology questionnaire_CN [0.91MB]
	English WP3.2 Approach questionnaire [0.35 MB] Türkçe WP3.2 Approach questionnaire_TR [0.68 MB] Português WP3.2 Approach Questionnaire_PT [0.30 MB] Español WP3.2 Approach Questionnaire_ES [0.18 MB] Français WP3.2 Approach Questionnaire_FR [0.19 MB] Chinese WP3.2 Approach questionnaire_CN [0.30MB]
	WP3.2 Review process (469.36 kB)
	WP3.2 Format for description of strategies (10.39 kB)