Sehoul, MoroccoDESIRE Project Harmonised Information Systemhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/sehoul-morocco2016-09-22T20:46:36ZJoomla! 1.5 - Open Source Content ManagementContact the Sehoul study site team2010-11-25T11:20:41Z2010-11-25T11:20:41Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/sehoul-morocco/481-contact-the-sehoul-study-site-teamJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<table class="institute" border="0" cellspacing="6" cellpadding="2">
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<p>Institute full name:</p>
</td>
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<p>UNESCO-GN Chair, Faculty of Human Sciences, University Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco</p>
</td>
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<p>Institute acronym:</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">UNGN</td>
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<p>Institute profile:</p>
</td>
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<p>The Unesco-GN Chair on “Management of the Environment and Sustainable Development”, created on 1996 aims to promote an integrated system of research, education, information and documentation in the field of sustainable development.</p>
<p>The global theme is oriented in the field of sustainable development of rural areas, with the purpose of developing the tools for self development of local communities. This programme studies also the changes in land cover and use, the trends in land management’s policy and the perception-response of the key actors towards the changes, related both to climatic variability and to human policy.</p>
The team of the Chair has been working in the field of land degradation and erosion, runoff, socio-economic features and the hydrological effects in the context of two European programmes, Medchange and Climed.</td>
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<p>Website</p>
</td>
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<p><a href="http://www.um5.ac.ma/um5r/" target="_blank">http://www.um5.ac.ma/um5r/</a></p>
</td>
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<p>Address</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p align="left">Chaire UNESCO-GN "Gestion de l'Environnement et Développement Durable"</p>
BP 1040, Rabat, Agdal<br />Tél. 212 37 771893/73<br />Fax 212 37 772068<br />Email: laouina@menara.ma</td>
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<p>Institute logo</p>
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<td valign="top" width="451"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/ungn1.gif" alt="" /></td>
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<p>Institute image</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451"> </td>
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<p> </p>
<p>Involved personnel</p>
<table class="institute" border="0" cellspacing="6" cellpadding="2">
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<p>Name</p>
</td>
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<p>Contact details</p>
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<p>Key qualifications</p>
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<p>Photo</p>
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<p>Laouina Abdellah</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Fax : +212 37 772068</p>
laouina@menara.ma</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>A Geographer in the field of land resources survey and dynamic processes gathering and works on human impact on soil degradation, analysing human practices and the effect of the management policy.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/ungn2.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
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<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Chaker Miloud</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Fax : +212 37 772068</p>
mchaker2@caramail.com</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Geomorphologist: field observations and measurements in shrub areas and agricultural lands in semiarid and arid regtions, land degradation process and desertification in marginal area.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/ungn3.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Machouri Nadia</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Fax : +212 37 772068</p>
nadachouri@yahoo.fr</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Doctor on Pastoralism, specialist of the degradation of the cork oak forests of the coastal region of Morocco, in relation with over-grazing.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/ungn4.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><table class="institute" border="0" cellspacing="6" cellpadding="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute full name:</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p>UNESCO-GN Chair, Faculty of Human Sciences, University Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute acronym:</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">UNGN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute profile:</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p>The Unesco-GN Chair on “Management of the Environment and Sustainable Development”, created on 1996 aims to promote an integrated system of research, education, information and documentation in the field of sustainable development.</p>
<p>The global theme is oriented in the field of sustainable development of rural areas, with the purpose of developing the tools for self development of local communities. This programme studies also the changes in land cover and use, the trends in land management’s policy and the perception-response of the key actors towards the changes, related both to climatic variability and to human policy.</p>
The team of the Chair has been working in the field of land degradation and erosion, runoff, socio-economic features and the hydrological effects in the context of two European programmes, Medchange and Climed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Website</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p><a href="http://www.um5.ac.ma/um5r/" target="_blank">http://www.um5.ac.ma/um5r/</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Address</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451">
<p align="left">Chaire UNESCO-GN "Gestion de l'Environnement et Développement Durable"</p>
BP 1040, Rabat, Agdal<br />Tél. 212 37 771893/73<br />Fax 212 37 772068<br />Email: laouina@menara.ma</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute logo</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/ungn1.gif" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="139">
<p>Institute image</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="451"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>Involved personnel</p>
<table class="institute" border="0" cellspacing="6" cellpadding="2">
<thead>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Name</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Contact details</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Key qualifications</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133">
<p>Photo</p>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Laouina Abdellah</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Fax : +212 37 772068</p>
laouina@menara.ma</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>A Geographer in the field of land resources survey and dynamic processes gathering and works on human impact on soil degradation, analysing human practices and the effect of the management policy.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/ungn2.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Chaker Miloud</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Fax : +212 37 772068</p>
mchaker2@caramail.com</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Geomorphologist: field observations and measurements in shrub areas and agricultural lands in semiarid and arid regtions, land degradation process and desertification in marginal area.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/ungn3.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="101">
<p>Machouri Nadia</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="152">
<p>Fax : +212 37 772068</p>
nadachouri@yahoo.fr</td>
<td valign="top" width="204">
<p>Doctor on Pastoralism, specialist of the degradation of the cork oak forests of the coastal region of Morocco, in relation with over-grazing.</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="133"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/ungn4.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>Study site location & description2007-11-19T12:56:37Z2007-11-19T12:56:37Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/sehoul-morocco/133-marmora-moroccoJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>The Sehoul study site is located on the Sehoul Plateau, just east of the city of Rabat.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>{mosgmap mapid=29|height=350px|zoomtype=small|showmaptype=true}</p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
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<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig2-27.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig4-20.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig5-18.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig10-11.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig11-10.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig6-18.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>The area is located under sub-humid to semi-arid conditions; it is on the border of a cork oak forest, which means a quite stable environment. But, for many reasons, it is affected by desertification processes:</p>
<ul>
<li>The cork oak forest is in a poor condition, due to overgrazing, wood cutting, forest diseases and climate change impacts on regeneration.</li>
<li>The cities' growth and the need for space for activities and transport.</li>
<li>The increasing pressure over the natural resources, namely soil and water posed by more intense agriculture systems, which are adopted to answer to the proximity of the Rabal-Salé urban market needs.</li>
<li>The soil is a made of a thick sandy leached horizon, which corresponds to old dunes developed in the region during a dry period of the upper Pleistocene; the humid conditions of the Holocene permitted the forest growth and the surface stabilisation; the current retreat of the forest creates again conditions for desertification, with the appearance of local dunes in the places affected.</li>
<li>The deficit of water and the competition between agriculture, urbanization and tourism on this resource.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>read the full study site description and an overview of all sites</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=264&Itemid=619&lang=en"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig12-9.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom">
<p><strong><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_tick.gif" alt="" /><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/wimba/CG%20SSD%20Sehoul%2c%20Morocco/index.htm" target="_blank">Read the full study site description</a></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" colspan="2"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=264&Itemid=619&lang=en"><strong>»Comparative overview of all study sites</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><p>The Sehoul study site is located on the Sehoul Plateau, just east of the city of Rabat.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>{mosgmap mapid=29|height=350px|zoomtype=small|showmaptype=true}</p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig2-27.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig4-20.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig5-18.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig10-11.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig11-10.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig6-18.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>The area is located under sub-humid to semi-arid conditions; it is on the border of a cork oak forest, which means a quite stable environment. But, for many reasons, it is affected by desertification processes:</p>
<ul>
<li>The cork oak forest is in a poor condition, due to overgrazing, wood cutting, forest diseases and climate change impacts on regeneration.</li>
<li>The cities' growth and the need for space for activities and transport.</li>
<li>The increasing pressure over the natural resources, namely soil and water posed by more intense agriculture systems, which are adopted to answer to the proximity of the Rabal-Salé urban market needs.</li>
<li>The soil is a made of a thick sandy leached horizon, which corresponds to old dunes developed in the region during a dry period of the upper Pleistocene; the humid conditions of the Holocene permitted the forest growth and the surface stabilisation; the current retreat of the forest creates again conditions for desertification, with the appearance of local dunes in the places affected.</li>
<li>The deficit of water and the competition between agriculture, urbanization and tourism on this resource.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>read the full study site description and an overview of all sites</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=264&Itemid=619&lang=en"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/fig12-9.jpg.jpg" alt="" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom">
<p><strong><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_tick.gif" alt="" /><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/wimba/CG%20SSD%20Sehoul%2c%20Morocco/index.htm" target="_blank">Read the full study site description</a></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" colspan="2"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=264&Itemid=619&lang=en"><strong>»Comparative overview of all study sites</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>Stakeholders and their sustainability goals2011-11-08T14:07:53Z2011-11-08T14:07:53Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/sehoul-morocco/697-stakeholders-and-their-sustainability-goalsJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p><strong>The area and people</strong><br />Marginal land with much degradation, and with poor inhabitants.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Study site stakeholder workshops</strong><br />Farmers, local government, local centre for agricultural advice, scientists.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Stakeholder groups</strong><br />Government/Project staff</p>
<ul>
<li>National: The engineers and technicians responsible of the services of agriculture and forest.</li>
<li>Local: technicians of the same services.</li>
</ul>
<p>Public administration</p>
<ul>
<li>Agriculture and livestock: Provincial Direction of Agriculture “DPA”</li>
<li>Forestry : Regional Direction of Forests “DREF”</li>
<li>Water: Hydraulic basin Agency of the Bouregreg</li>
<li>Environment: no local representation.The elected municipality council</li>
<li>The local power-administration of the commune</li>
</ul>
<p>Research Centres and Universities</p>
<ul>
<li>Mohammed V University and other schools of engineers</li>
</ul>
<p>NGOs</p>
<ul>
<li>NGOs are more related to cultural activities, not really involved in development</li>
</ul>
<p>Land users</p>
<ul>
<li> Farmers with a high diversity of land use, and ownership</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp14-stakeholders-a-sustainability-thematicmenu-168">»Stakeholders & their sustainability goals - overview</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><p><strong>The area and people</strong><br />Marginal land with much degradation, and with poor inhabitants.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Study site stakeholder workshops</strong><br />Farmers, local government, local centre for agricultural advice, scientists.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Stakeholder groups</strong><br />Government/Project staff</p>
<ul>
<li>National: The engineers and technicians responsible of the services of agriculture and forest.</li>
<li>Local: technicians of the same services.</li>
</ul>
<p>Public administration</p>
<ul>
<li>Agriculture and livestock: Provincial Direction of Agriculture “DPA”</li>
<li>Forestry : Regional Direction of Forests “DREF”</li>
<li>Water: Hydraulic basin Agency of the Bouregreg</li>
<li>Environment: no local representation.The elected municipality council</li>
<li>The local power-administration of the commune</li>
</ul>
<p>Research Centres and Universities</p>
<ul>
<li>Mohammed V University and other schools of engineers</li>
</ul>
<p>NGOs</p>
<ul>
<li>NGOs are more related to cultural activities, not really involved in development</li>
</ul>
<p>Land users</p>
<ul>
<li> Farmers with a high diversity of land use, and ownership</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp14-stakeholders-a-sustainability-thematicmenu-168">»Stakeholders & their sustainability goals - overview</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Drivers, policies and laws2011-11-08T14:14:36Z2011-11-08T14:14:36Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/sehoul-morocco/698-drivers-policies-and-laws-Jane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>The reasons for desertification and land degradation occurring can be environmental (for example due to the climate or soil conditions), economic, due to the actions of people or, most often, due to a combination of factors. The resulting degradation may be temporary or permanent.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>To help understand this complex picture it can be helpful to think in terms the dominant socio-economic and environmental forces that are <strong>driving</strong> the process of land degradation. These place <strong>pressures</strong> on the land which have particular <strong>impacts</strong>. Human society may have already made <strong>responses</strong> to those impacts, or may have knowledge about how they could respond. Decisions about which responses to make may also be governed by a range of international, national or local <strong>policy</strong> regulations and agreements.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In the Sehoul study site, the same stakeholder workshop and questionnaires that were used to identify existing and potential response strategies (<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/sehoul-morocco/165-stakeholder-workshop-1-marmora-morocco">»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder workshop 1</a></strong>) also discussed and identified these driving forces; pressures; impacts; and the policy and regulation environment. This information was then used to inform the choice of <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/sehoul-morocco/291-field-experiments-marmora-morocco">»Field experiments</a></strong> and the scenarios used in <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/sehoul-morocco/700-simulated-biophysical-impact-of-remediation-strategies-and-their-financial-viability-">»Simulated biophysical impact of remediation strategies and their financial viability</a></strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="150" width="600">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" height="150" valign="top" width="565">
<script language="JavaScript">
function computeTech(form1){
// Initialise variables
var studysite="0";
// set variables
studysite=form1.elements[0].value;
// identify technology class
var technology1="none";
var technology2="none";
var technology3="none";
var technology4="none";
var technology5="none";
var technology6="none";
if(studysite=="1"){
technology1="**";
technology2="**";
technology3="Changes in groundwater availability and quality.";
technology4="Ground water depletion.";
technology5="**";
technology6="(1) Several local laws exist, both customary and formal, but lack integration (2) National programme for desertification control (PANLCD) (3) Water laws: Code d' l’eau (10/1995)";
}
if(studysite=="2"){
technology1="Lack of soil and water conservation, Reduction of fallows, increased animal load, commercial farming concentrates on the good soils of the plateau, pushing local communities to the sloping and marginal lands and into the forest and grazing areas.";
technology2="Very weak soil structure, torrential autumn rains, pasture degradation.";
technology3="**";
technology4="Land productivity decline.";
technology5="Fencing.";
technology6="(1) Several local laws exist, both customary and formal, but lack integration (2) National programme for desertification control (PANLCD) (3) Water laws: Code d' l’eau (10/1995)";
}
if(studysite=="3"){
technology1="Urbanization, outmigration, land abandonment, conversion of pastures to agricultural lands, degraded lands are used for pasture which leads to further degradation, free grazing land is gradually disappearing which impacts on smallholder traditional farming, land abandonment, land ownership; those who manage land are often not the owner but rent the land.";
technology2="Fragile soils, mechanization, deforestation, land cover change (cork oak to Eucalyptus and irrigated agriculture), cultivation of marginal and sloping lands, overgrazing, ploughing in slope direction, increased pressure on marginal lands.";
technology3="Overland flow, crust formation, compaction.";
technology4="Soil water erosion.";
technology5="Afforestation";
technology6="(1) Several local laws exist, both customary and formal, but lack integration (2) National programme for desertification control (PANLCD) (3) Water laws: Code d' l’eau (10/1995)";
}
form1.technology1.value=technology1;
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</script> <form action="" method="post" name="bysite">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="22%">
<b>Select main driver</b></td>
<td align="left" width="78%">
<select name="studysite"><option value="1">Irrigation, drinking water extraction</option><option value="2">Inadequate land management</option><option value="3">Land use change</option></select> <input name="Calculate" onclick="computeTech(this.form)" type="button" value="Go" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Socio-economic drivers</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology1" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Environmental drivers</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology2" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Pressures</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology3" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Impacts</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology4" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Responses</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology5" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Policies</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology6" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</form>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp13-drivers-a-policy-thematicmenu-167"><strong>»Drivers and policy context for all study sites</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><p>The reasons for desertification and land degradation occurring can be environmental (for example due to the climate or soil conditions), economic, due to the actions of people or, most often, due to a combination of factors. The resulting degradation may be temporary or permanent.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>To help understand this complex picture it can be helpful to think in terms the dominant socio-economic and environmental forces that are <strong>driving</strong> the process of land degradation. These place <strong>pressures</strong> on the land which have particular <strong>impacts</strong>. Human society may have already made <strong>responses</strong> to those impacts, or may have knowledge about how they could respond. Decisions about which responses to make may also be governed by a range of international, national or local <strong>policy</strong> regulations and agreements.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In the Sehoul study site, the same stakeholder workshop and questionnaires that were used to identify existing and potential response strategies (<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/sehoul-morocco/165-stakeholder-workshop-1-marmora-morocco">»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder workshop 1</a></strong>) also discussed and identified these driving forces; pressures; impacts; and the policy and regulation environment. This information was then used to inform the choice of <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/sehoul-morocco/291-field-experiments-marmora-morocco">»Field experiments</a></strong> and the scenarios used in <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/sehoul-morocco/700-simulated-biophysical-impact-of-remediation-strategies-and-their-financial-viability-">»Simulated biophysical impact of remediation strategies and their financial viability</a></strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="150" width="600">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" height="150" valign="top" width="565">
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technology1="Lack of soil and water conservation, Reduction of fallows, increased animal load, commercial farming concentrates on the good soils of the plateau, pushing local communities to the sloping and marginal lands and into the forest and grazing areas.";
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technology4="Land productivity decline.";
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technology1="Urbanization, outmigration, land abandonment, conversion of pastures to agricultural lands, degraded lands are used for pasture which leads to further degradation, free grazing land is gradually disappearing which impacts on smallholder traditional farming, land abandonment, land ownership; those who manage land are often not the owner but rent the land.";
technology2="Fragile soils, mechanization, deforestation, land cover change (cork oak to Eucalyptus and irrigated agriculture), cultivation of marginal and sloping lands, overgrazing, ploughing in slope direction, increased pressure on marginal lands.";
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technology4="Soil water erosion.";
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<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="22%">
<b>Select main driver</b></td>
<td align="left" width="78%">
<select name="studysite"><option value="1">Irrigation, drinking water extraction</option><option value="2">Inadequate land management</option><option value="3">Land use change</option></select> <input name="Calculate" onclick="computeTech(this.form)" type="button" value="Go" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Socio-economic drivers</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology1" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Environmental drivers</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology2" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Pressures</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology3" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Impacts</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology4" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Responses</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology5" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
Policies</td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="70" name="technology6" rows="3"></textarea></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</form>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp13-drivers-a-policy-thematicmenu-167"><strong>»Drivers and policy context for all study sites</strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Gender-related issues2011-03-03T13:51:06Z2011-03-03T13:51:06Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/sehoul-morocco/556-gender-related-issuesJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" src="http://www.scribd.com/embeds/49934686/content?start_page=1&view_mode=list&access_key=key-wj2aeylzsraiomquheb" data-auto-height="false" data-aspect-ratio="0.75" scrolling="no" id="doc_32429" width="590" height="500" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download the poster</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc; width: 5%;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/Gender_matters_Sehoul.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/download-documents/doc_download/208-gender-related-issues-sehoul">Gender-related issues: Sehoul</a></strong> [67 kB]</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><p><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" src="http://www.scribd.com/embeds/49934686/content?start_page=1&view_mode=list&access_key=key-wj2aeylzsraiomquheb" data-auto-height="false" data-aspect-ratio="0.75" scrolling="no" id="doc_32429" width="590" height="500" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download the poster</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc; width: 5%;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/Gender_matters_Sehoul.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/download-documents/doc_download/208-gender-related-issues-sehoul">Gender-related issues: Sehoul</a></strong> [67 kB]</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Land degradation and conservation maps2009-06-08T12:57:33Z2009-06-08T12:57:33Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/sehoul-morocco/272-land-degradation-and-conservation-mapsJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>
The WOCAT tool for mapping land degradation and sustainable land management has been used in the Sehoul study site. Using the tool, an interdisciplinary team of specialists has recorded observations of land degradation, sustainable land management and recommendations for further prevention or mitigation on a land use base map. </p>
<p> </p>
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</script> <form action="" method="post" name="bysite">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="22%">
<b>Select map type</b></td>
<td align="left" width="78%">
<select name="mapchoice">
<option value="1">Land use: type</option>
<option value="2">Land use: trends</option>
<option value="3">Land use: intensity trend</option>
<option value="4">Degradation: type</option>
<option value="5">Degradation: extent</option>
<option value="6">Degradation: degree</option>
<option value="7">Degradation: rate</option>
<option value="8">Land conservation: groups</option>
<option value="9">Land conservation: extent</option>
<option value="10">Land conservation: measures</option>
<option value="11">Land conservation: effectiveness</option>
<option value="12">Land conservation: effectiveness trends</option>
</select>
<input name="Calculate" onclick="computemap(this.form)" type="button" value="Go" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<b>Comments</b></td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="74" name="comment" rows="1"></textarea></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<img alt="" name="mymap" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/1.Sehoul_Landuse.jpg" width="595" />
</form>
<p style="text-align: right;"><em>Map version: 4Oct11</em></p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" style="width: 595px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;">
<span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;">
<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=14&Itemid=166&lang=en">»Assessment and mapping methodology; summary results from all study sites</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
</p><p>
The WOCAT tool for mapping land degradation and sustainable land management has been used in the Sehoul study site. Using the tool, an interdisciplinary team of specialists has recorded observations of land degradation, sustainable land management and recommendations for further prevention or mitigation on a land use base map. </p>
<p> </p>
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<td align="left" width="78%">
<select name="mapchoice">
<option value="1">Land use: type</option>
<option value="2">Land use: trends</option>
<option value="3">Land use: intensity trend</option>
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<option value="7">Degradation: rate</option>
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</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<b>Comments</b></td>
<td width="78%">
<textarea cols="74" name="comment" rows="1"></textarea></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<img alt="" name="mymap" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/1.Sehoul_Landuse.jpg" width="595" />
</form>
<p style="text-align: right;"><em>Map version: 4Oct11</em></p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" style="width: 595px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;">
<span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;">
<strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=14&Itemid=166&lang=en">»Assessment and mapping methodology; summary results from all study sites</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
</p>Desertification risk assessment maps2011-11-08T14:15:14Z2011-11-08T14:15:14Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/sehoul-morocco/699-desertification-risk-assessment-mapsJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p><em>Source: extracted from Karavitis, C. Kosmas, C. et al. (submitted article) An expert system towards assessing desertification risk using indicators. Environmental Management</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>The procedure of calculation of Desertification Risk Index (DRI) in the Sehoul study sites started with the identification of the desertification process. These were found to be:</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>water erosion in forests,</li>
<li>water erosion in agricultural areas and</li>
<li>water erosion in pastures & shrubs.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>For these processes, the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool needed data to calculate 161 indicators in 11 map units. This is because only the dominant degradation process is evaluated in each map unit; the number of indicators that is needed therefore differs between map units (Table 1). By using the WOCAT database, the required indicators were estimated and used as input to the Assessment Tool. Table 2 shows an example of the desertification risk calculation for Map Unit 3 (agriculture).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20tab3.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20tab3.jpg.jpg" height="250" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;" align="center" valign="top"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20tab2_2.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20tab2_2.jpg.jpg" height="250" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Table 1. Desertification risk calculation per Map Unit <br /></em></p>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Table 2. Desertification risk calculation for Map Unit 3 (agriculture)</em></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p>The same procedure was repeated for all the other map units in the Sehoul study site and the DRI values calculated are shown in Table 1 and Map 1.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20map%201.1.png"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20map%201.1.png.jpg" height="250" /></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%;" align="center" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20map%201.2.png"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20map%201.2.png.jpg" height="250" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" align="center" valign="top"><em>Map 1: Desertification risk index (DRI)<br /></em></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Map 2: Degree of land degradation (as assessed using the WOCAT mapping method)</em></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p>The DRI map was compared with the WOCAT QM of the same area (Map 2). It was observed that even though the DRI and the WOCAT QM approaches produced maps sharing elements of a common data base, completely different calculation procedures have been applied (the RDI uses equations independently developed from another dataset and WOCAT has its own distinct methodology). When the two maps are compared, it can be seen that the rate of degradation and the effectiveness of measures correspond closely to the DRI values, with the highest rate of degradation and the lowest measures effectiveness matching up to the highest values of DRI.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... about the use of the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool to calculate the Desertification Risk Index (DRI)</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/assessment-with-indicators/desertification-risk-assessment/888-using-the-desertification-risk-assessment-tool">»Using the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><p><em>Source: extracted from Karavitis, C. Kosmas, C. et al. (submitted article) An expert system towards assessing desertification risk using indicators. Environmental Management</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>The procedure of calculation of Desertification Risk Index (DRI) in the Sehoul study sites started with the identification of the desertification process. These were found to be:</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>water erosion in forests,</li>
<li>water erosion in agricultural areas and</li>
<li>water erosion in pastures & shrubs.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>For these processes, the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool needed data to calculate 161 indicators in 11 map units. This is because only the dominant degradation process is evaluated in each map unit; the number of indicators that is needed therefore differs between map units (Table 1). By using the WOCAT database, the required indicators were estimated and used as input to the Assessment Tool. Table 2 shows an example of the desertification risk calculation for Map Unit 3 (agriculture).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20tab3.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20tab3.jpg.jpg" height="250" /></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;" align="center" valign="top"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20tab2_2.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20tab2_2.jpg.jpg" height="250" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Table 1. Desertification risk calculation per Map Unit <br /></em></p>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Table 2. Desertification risk calculation for Map Unit 3 (agriculture)</em></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p>The same procedure was repeated for all the other map units in the Sehoul study site and the DRI values calculated are shown in Table 1 and Map 1.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20map%201.1.png"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20map%201.1.png.jpg" height="250" /></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%;" align="center" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20map%201.2.png"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Envtl%20Mgt%20paper%20map%201.2.png.jpg" height="250" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;" align="center" valign="top"><em>Map 1: Desertification risk index (DRI)<br /></em></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Map 2: Degree of land degradation (as assessed using the WOCAT mapping method)</em></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p>The DRI map was compared with the WOCAT QM of the same area (Map 2). It was observed that even though the DRI and the WOCAT QM approaches produced maps sharing elements of a common data base, completely different calculation procedures have been applied (the RDI uses equations independently developed from another dataset and WOCAT has its own distinct methodology). When the two maps are compared, it can be seen that the rate of degradation and the effectiveness of measures correspond closely to the DRI values, with the highest rate of degradation and the lowest measures effectiveness matching up to the highest values of DRI.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... about the use of the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool to calculate the Desertification Risk Index (DRI)</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/assessment-with-indicators/desertification-risk-assessment/888-using-the-desertification-risk-assessment-tool">»Using the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>Evaluating the desertification risk assessment tool with local experimental results2013-09-30T12:13:38Z2013-09-30T12:13:38Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/sehoul-morocco/906-evaluating-the-desertification-risk-assessment-tool-with-experimental-resultsJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p><em>Author: Victor Jetten</em> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p>
<p>The north west of Morocco has areas with extensive gullying of the agricultural lands. High pressure agriculture and overgrazing, combined with occasional heavy rainfall, causes severe land degradation. An additional problem is sedimentation in the drink water reservoirs downstream. For farmers in the area, annual crops for food production and livestock for immediate income is vital. The area characterized by a strong variation in seasonal rainfall from year to year. Ploughing is done at the first rains after September and with sufficient rainfall there will be a moderate harvest in February (mostly Wheat and Barley). If the crop fails it is used for fodder. For farmers in the area, annual rainfed crops for food production and livestock for immediate income is vital. There are no additional water sources and water conservation measures could help in this situation.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Desertification indices</strong><br />The first area is abandoned and has heavy gully incision but analysis with high resolution remote sensing of gully change actually sows that the current erosion is not so high. This is well reflected in the erosion risk index of 2.92 (moderate risk). Vegetation cover is annual herbs and grasses. Water stress is seen as no risk (1.29) and there is a low risk of over grazing (2.38). The technique of gully stabilization with planting of Atriplex bushes and fencing cannot be tested directly but the added effect of an increase in cover and biomass can be simulated, while there is an assumed moderately effective capturing of runoff. Implementing this leads to a water erosion risk of 2.49 (low risk). Overgrazing reduces to low risk (1.62).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The second technique is minimum tillage on a rainfed cereal producing field on stony shallow soils. The slope angle is the same (20%). Under unmitigated circumstances the water erosion risk is moderate (2.78), a low overgrazing risk (2.38) and no water stress risk (1.29). Applying minimum tillage slightly lowers the erosion risk (still moderate: 2.56) and lowers also the water stress (1.17) and overgrazing risk (2.12).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Sehoul%201.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Sehoul%201.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Sehoul%202.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Sehoul%202.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Abandoned land (herbs/grass) on steep gullied slopes unmitigated</em></td>
<td><em>Implementing gully control by planting bushes and fencing</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Sehoul%203.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Sehoul%203.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Sehoul%204.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Sehoul%204.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Cereals on steep slopes, unmitigated</em></td>
<td><em>Cereals, minimum tillage</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />The desertification risk assessment tool correctly classifies the risk levels of water erosion and overgrazing, but seems to underestimate the water stress risk (farmers have a difficult time gaining sufficient yield from rainfed agriculture in the area). The results are in line with the experimental results. Also when implementing the techniques the results are adequate although less pronounced than the experimental results. The techniques have to be translated to a change in primary variables first for this to happen (e.g. fencing means an increase in cover).</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... general conclusions and results from other study sites<br /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=898:evaluating-the-desertification-risk-assessment-tool-with-experimental-results&catid=275:desertification-risk-assessment-tool&Itemid=629">»Evaluating the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool with experimental results</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><p><em>Author: Victor Jetten</em> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p>
<p>The north west of Morocco has areas with extensive gullying of the agricultural lands. High pressure agriculture and overgrazing, combined with occasional heavy rainfall, causes severe land degradation. An additional problem is sedimentation in the drink water reservoirs downstream. For farmers in the area, annual crops for food production and livestock for immediate income is vital. The area characterized by a strong variation in seasonal rainfall from year to year. Ploughing is done at the first rains after September and with sufficient rainfall there will be a moderate harvest in February (mostly Wheat and Barley). If the crop fails it is used for fodder. For farmers in the area, annual rainfed crops for food production and livestock for immediate income is vital. There are no additional water sources and water conservation measures could help in this situation.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Desertification indices</strong><br />The first area is abandoned and has heavy gully incision but analysis with high resolution remote sensing of gully change actually sows that the current erosion is not so high. This is well reflected in the erosion risk index of 2.92 (moderate risk). Vegetation cover is annual herbs and grasses. Water stress is seen as no risk (1.29) and there is a low risk of over grazing (2.38). The technique of gully stabilization with planting of Atriplex bushes and fencing cannot be tested directly but the added effect of an increase in cover and biomass can be simulated, while there is an assumed moderately effective capturing of runoff. Implementing this leads to a water erosion risk of 2.49 (low risk). Overgrazing reduces to low risk (1.62).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The second technique is minimum tillage on a rainfed cereal producing field on stony shallow soils. The slope angle is the same (20%). Under unmitigated circumstances the water erosion risk is moderate (2.78), a low overgrazing risk (2.38) and no water stress risk (1.29). Applying minimum tillage slightly lowers the erosion risk (still moderate: 2.56) and lowers also the water stress (1.17) and overgrazing risk (2.12).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Sehoul%201.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Sehoul%201.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Sehoul%202.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Sehoul%202.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Abandoned land (herbs/grass) on steep gullied slopes unmitigated</em></td>
<td><em>Implementing gully control by planting bushes and fencing</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Sehoul%203.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Sehoul%203.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Sehoul%204.jpg"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/Sehoul%204.jpg.jpg" width="275" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Cereals on steep slopes, unmitigated</em></td>
<td><em>Cereals, minimum tillage</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />The desertification risk assessment tool correctly classifies the risk levels of water erosion and overgrazing, but seems to underestimate the water stress risk (farmers have a difficult time gaining sufficient yield from rainfed agriculture in the area). The results are in line with the experimental results. Also when implementing the techniques the results are adequate although less pronounced than the experimental results. The techniques have to be translated to a change in primary variables first for this to happen (e.g. fencing means an increase in cover).</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... general conclusions and results from other study sites<br /></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=898:evaluating-the-desertification-risk-assessment-tool-with-experimental-results&catid=275:desertification-risk-assessment-tool&Itemid=629">»Evaluating the Desertification Risk Assessment Tool with experimental results</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>Identifying strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 12008-04-24T13:59:31Z2008-04-24T13:59:31Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/sehoul-morocco/165-stakeholder-workshop-1-marmora-moroccoJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>A report on the results of the workshop "Land degradation and desertification - existing and potential prevention and mitigation strategies" held in Sehoul, Morocco from 19-21 June 2007</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 575px; height: 263px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #7b9ebd;">
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;">Field work and workshops on "existing and potential mitigation strategies against land degradation" were conducted with the objectives of sharing experience on current and potential problems and solutions regarding land degradation and desertification. </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;">The aims are:<br /></span></p>
<ul><span style="color: #ffffff;">
<li>to identify existing and new strategies to prevent or mitigate land degradation and desertification.</li>
<li>to select a set of these identified strategies for further evaluation and documentation with the WOCAT methodology</li>
<li>to experiment with these strategies in some fields and make a follow-up with some required techniques of measurement.</li>
</span></ul>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;">The overall objective is to be able, after some years of experimentation to propose successful strategies for extension and improvement. The field work programmed is the monitoring of these techniques and approaches in order to determine their efficiency, both in terms of land degradation mitigation, social benefits and farm yield increase.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Main problems of degradation in the region</strong></p>
<table style="width: 550px; height: 519px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_1.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="87" align="left" width="150" /></td>
<td>
<p>1. Inside the forest, the poor social situation of the population explains the rapid retreat and clearing of the vegetation cover, the non-regeneration of cork oak and the multiplication of poor species.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_2.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="90" align="left" width="150" /></td>
<td>
<p>2. In the pastures, located on steep slopes, over-grazing leads to the degradation of the vegetation cover to the reduction of palatable species and to the development of rills and gullies.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>
<p>3. In the cultivated area, the problems are more related to techniques of land use that are not adapted to the climate, to the weak soils and to the slope gradients</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_3.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="111" align="left" width="150" /></td>
<td>
<p>a. The decrease of soil moisture (due to the delayed and reduced precipitation in autumn or the early dryness in spring) leads to a reduction in the grain yield and in the biomass and represents an important factor of crisis both for agriculture and livestock.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_4.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="135" align="left" width="150" /></td>
<td>
<p>b. The concentration, in some years, of extreme events with heavy rain during autumn on land which is still completely bare, produce very important runoff and soil erosion</p>
<p> </p>
<p>c. The decrease of the piezometric level, due to over- exploitation of wells and to the increase of runoff in the fields.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Potential strategies</strong></p>
<p>Some new techniques introduced during the last decades of the 20th centruy by some farmers were identified by the stakeholders who participated in the field interviews and the workshop, as potential strategies for a water and soil conservation approach.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 550px; height: 499px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;">
<p align="center"><strong>Cork Oak Forests</strong></p>
<p align="center">Assisted cork oak plantation as a strategy for the sustainability of the forest.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_5.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="91" width="124" /></div>
<br />
<p>Expected impacts</p>
<ul>
<li>5 x increase in soil humidity</li>
<li>2 x increase in percentage surface cover</li>
<li>a reduction in soil compaction to half</li>
<li>indicators of runoff to become rarely observed</li>
<li>recovery of rare cork oak ecosystem species.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;">
<p align="center"><strong>Degraded lands converted to pasture</strong></p>
<p align="center">The introduction of a fodder cultivation (lupin) in the crop rotation.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_6.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="93" width="125" /></div>
<p> </p>
<p>Expected impacts</p>
<ul>
<li>soil regeneration</li>
<li>good plant cover of the soil, increased infiltration, reduced overland flow</li>
<li>improved fodder yield</li>
<li>improved income</li>
</ul>
<p>Expected constraints</p>
<ul>
<li>high cost of seed</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;">
<p align="center"><strong>Rainfed annual agriculture</strong></p>
<p align="center">Rotation of annual cultivations.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_7.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="100" width="125" /></div>
<br />
<p>Expected impacts</p>
<ul>
<li>farm diversification</li>
<li>maintenance of soil fertility</li>
<li>improved income</li>
<li>food security</li>
<li>diversification of nutrition</li>
</ul>
<p>Expected constraints</p>
<ul>
<li>multiplicity of ploughing</li>
<li>risk of erosion on soil prepared for spring cultivation</li>
<li>high use of machinery</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;">
<p align="center"><strong>Rainfed cultivations associated with fruit tree plantations</strong></p>
<p align="center">Rainfed fruit tree poantations in lines separated by stripsof cereals or beans.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_8.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="92" width="125" /></div>
<br />
<p>Expected impacts</p>
<ul>
<li>land protection</li>
<li>improved income</li>
<li>new methods and capacity building</li>
<li>change of free grazing to intensive breeding</li>
</ul>
<p>Expected constraints</p>
<ul>
<li>technical survey and maintenance</li>
<li>cost of initial investment</li>
<li>conflict with grazing which gives an immediate income</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>download the full report and poster and see results and general conclusions from other study sites</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3.1_Stakeholder_Workshop_1_Morocco__Report_3_vJul08_.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="113" width="80" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=22&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Morocco (report) (<span class="small">4.05 MB</span>)</strong></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong></strong></a><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3.1_Stakeholder_Workshop_1_Morocco__results_poster_-1.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="108" width="80" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=62&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/jpg.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Morocco (results poster) (<span class="small">1.69 MB)</span></strong></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong>»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 1 methodology and summary results from all study sites</strong></a><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong></strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><p>A report on the results of the workshop "Land degradation and desertification - existing and potential prevention and mitigation strategies" held in Sehoul, Morocco from 19-21 June 2007</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 575px; height: 263px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #7b9ebd;">
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;">Field work and workshops on "existing and potential mitigation strategies against land degradation" were conducted with the objectives of sharing experience on current and potential problems and solutions regarding land degradation and desertification. </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;">The aims are:<br /></span></p>
<ul><span style="color: #ffffff;">
<li>to identify existing and new strategies to prevent or mitigate land degradation and desertification.</li>
<li>to select a set of these identified strategies for further evaluation and documentation with the WOCAT methodology</li>
<li>to experiment with these strategies in some fields and make a follow-up with some required techniques of measurement.</li>
</span></ul>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;">The overall objective is to be able, after some years of experimentation to propose successful strategies for extension and improvement. The field work programmed is the monitoring of these techniques and approaches in order to determine their efficiency, both in terms of land degradation mitigation, social benefits and farm yield increase.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Main problems of degradation in the region</strong></p>
<table style="width: 550px; height: 519px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_1.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="87" align="left" width="150" /></td>
<td>
<p>1. Inside the forest, the poor social situation of the population explains the rapid retreat and clearing of the vegetation cover, the non-regeneration of cork oak and the multiplication of poor species.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_2.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="90" align="left" width="150" /></td>
<td>
<p>2. In the pastures, located on steep slopes, over-grazing leads to the degradation of the vegetation cover to the reduction of palatable species and to the development of rills and gullies.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>
<p>3. In the cultivated area, the problems are more related to techniques of land use that are not adapted to the climate, to the weak soils and to the slope gradients</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_3.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="111" align="left" width="150" /></td>
<td>
<p>a. The decrease of soil moisture (due to the delayed and reduced precipitation in autumn or the early dryness in spring) leads to a reduction in the grain yield and in the biomass and represents an important factor of crisis both for agriculture and livestock.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_4.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="135" align="left" width="150" /></td>
<td>
<p>b. The concentration, in some years, of extreme events with heavy rain during autumn on land which is still completely bare, produce very important runoff and soil erosion</p>
<p> </p>
<p>c. The decrease of the piezometric level, due to over- exploitation of wells and to the increase of runoff in the fields.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Potential strategies</strong></p>
<p>Some new techniques introduced during the last decades of the 20th centruy by some farmers were identified by the stakeholders who participated in the field interviews and the workshop, as potential strategies for a water and soil conservation approach.</p>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 550px; height: 499px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;">
<p align="center"><strong>Cork Oak Forests</strong></p>
<p align="center">Assisted cork oak plantation as a strategy for the sustainability of the forest.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_5.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="91" width="124" /></div>
<br />
<p>Expected impacts</p>
<ul>
<li>5 x increase in soil humidity</li>
<li>2 x increase in percentage surface cover</li>
<li>a reduction in soil compaction to half</li>
<li>indicators of runoff to become rarely observed</li>
<li>recovery of rare cork oak ecosystem species.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;">
<p align="center"><strong>Degraded lands converted to pasture</strong></p>
<p align="center">The introduction of a fodder cultivation (lupin) in the crop rotation.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_6.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="93" width="125" /></div>
<p> </p>
<p>Expected impacts</p>
<ul>
<li>soil regeneration</li>
<li>good plant cover of the soil, increased infiltration, reduced overland flow</li>
<li>improved fodder yield</li>
<li>improved income</li>
</ul>
<p>Expected constraints</p>
<ul>
<li>high cost of seed</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;">
<p align="center"><strong>Rainfed annual agriculture</strong></p>
<p align="center">Rotation of annual cultivations.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_7.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="100" width="125" /></div>
<br />
<p>Expected impacts</p>
<ul>
<li>farm diversification</li>
<li>maintenance of soil fertility</li>
<li>improved income</li>
<li>food security</li>
<li>diversification of nutrition</li>
</ul>
<p>Expected constraints</p>
<ul>
<li>multiplicity of ploughing</li>
<li>risk of erosion on soil prepared for spring cultivation</li>
<li>high use of machinery</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;">
<p align="center"><strong>Rainfed cultivations associated with fruit tree plantations</strong></p>
<p align="center">Rainfed fruit tree poantations in lines separated by stripsof cereals or beans.</p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/WP3_1_Marmora_8.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="92" width="125" /></div>
<br />
<p>Expected impacts</p>
<ul>
<li>land protection</li>
<li>improved income</li>
<li>new methods and capacity building</li>
<li>change of free grazing to intensive breeding</li>
</ul>
<p>Expected constraints</p>
<ul>
<li>technical survey and maintenance</li>
<li>cost of initial investment</li>
<li>conflict with grazing which gives an immediate income</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... </strong></span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>download the full report and poster and see results and general conclusions from other study sites</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; width: 10%;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3.1_Stakeholder_Workshop_1_Morocco__Report_3_vJul08_.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="113" width="80" /></a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=22&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/pdf.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Morocco (report) (<span class="small">4.05 MB</span>)</strong></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong></strong></a><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/WP3.1_Stakeholder_Workshop_1_Morocco__results_poster_-1.jpg.jpg" alt=" " height="108" width="80" /></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;" valign="bottom"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=62&Itemid=" class="doclink"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/components/com_docman/themes/default/images/icons/16x16/jpg.png" alt="icon" border="0" /><strong>WP3.1 Stakeholder Workshop 1: Morocco (results poster) (<span class="small">1.69 MB)</span></strong></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b;"><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong>»Identifying strategies: Stakeholder Workshop 1 methodology and summary results from all study sites</strong></a><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=21&Itemid=177&lang=en"><strong></strong></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>Evaluating strategies: technologies and approaches documented2011-02-22T13:46:21Z2011-02-22T13:46:21Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/sehoul-morocco/534-evaluating-strategies-technologies-and-approaches-documentedJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/technology.jpg.jpg" width="105" /></td>
<td valign="bottom">
<p>Stakeholder Workshop 1 identified a number of existing or potential strategies to combat desertification and land degradation in the Marmora study site. In the months following the workshop these strategies (technologies or approaches) were documented and evaluated in a structured and standardised way and their descriptions were entered in the WOCAT Technologies and Approaches databases in order to share the information with other DESIRE sites as well as globally.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>For details of all Technologies and Approaches documented in the WOCAT Database (from the DESIRE study sites and from other sites worldwide), see</p>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQT/qt_report.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Technologies Database </a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQA/SearchApproach.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Approaches Database</a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>For those relating to this study site, click on the Name of technology or Name of approach to go directly to the descriptions in the database.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>WOCAT Technologies Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of technology</span> <br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author </span><br /></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR12</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=554">»Crop rotation: cereals / fodder legumes (lupin)</a></p>
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=343">»Rotation culturale: céréales/légumineuses fourragères (lupin)</a></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Al karkouri Jamal, Chaire Unesco Environnement. Université Mohamed V. Faculté des Lettres et de Sciences humaines</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR13</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=556">»Assisted cork oak regeneration</a></p>
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=295">»Régénération assistée de chêne-liège</a></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Chaker Miloud, Université Med V, FLSH, Rabat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR14</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=603">»Olive tree plantations with intercropping</a></p>
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=602">»Plantations d'olivier avec cultures intercalaires</a></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Nafaa Rachida, Université Med V-Agdal, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Chaire Unesco-GN</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br /><strong>WOCAT Approaches Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><span style="color: #ffffff;"> </span><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of approach </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR11</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=205">»Pratique individuelle de Rotation culturale (céréales/légumineuses alimentaires ou fourragères) soutenue par le Centre de Travaux Agricole</a> </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Al Karkouri Jamal, Chaire Unesco Environnement. Université Mohamed V. Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences humaines</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR13</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=206">»Régénération assistée du chêne liège</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Chaker Miloud, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Département de Géographie</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR14</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=343">»Development of rainfed agriculture</a></p>
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=207">»Mise en valeur des terres en Bour</a></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Nafaa Rachida, Université Mohammed V Agdal, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Chaire Unesco-GN</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/technology.jpg.jpg" width="105" /></td>
<td valign="bottom">
<p>Stakeholder Workshop 1 identified a number of existing or potential strategies to combat desertification and land degradation in the Marmora study site. In the months following the workshop these strategies (technologies or approaches) were documented and evaluated in a structured and standardised way and their descriptions were entered in the WOCAT Technologies and Approaches databases in order to share the information with other DESIRE sites as well as globally.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>For details of all Technologies and Approaches documented in the WOCAT Database (from the DESIRE study sites and from other sites worldwide), see</p>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQT/qt_report.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Technologies Database </a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQA/SearchApproach.php"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-page_url.gif" />WOCAT Approaches Database</a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>For those relating to this study site, click on the Name of technology or Name of approach to go directly to the descriptions in the database.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>WOCAT Technologies Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of technology</span> <br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author </span><br /></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR12</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=554">»Crop rotation: cereals / fodder legumes (lupin)</a></p>
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=343">»Rotation culturale: céréales/légumineuses fourragères (lupin)</a></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Al karkouri Jamal, Chaire Unesco Environnement. Université Mohamed V. Faculté des Lettres et de Sciences humaines</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR13</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=556">»Assisted cork oak regeneration</a></p>
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=295">»Régénération assistée de chêne-liège</a></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Chaker Miloud, Université Med V, FLSH, Rabat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR14</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=603">»Olive tree plantations with intercropping</a></p>
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary.php?lang=English&qt_id=602">»Plantations d'olivier avec cultures intercalaires</a></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Nafaa Rachida, Université Med V-Agdal, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Chaire Unesco-GN</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br /><strong>WOCAT Approaches Database </strong></p>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><span style="color: #ffffff;"> </span><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Country </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Code </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Name of approach </span><br /></strong></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd; background-color: #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Author</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR11</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=205">»Pratique individuelle de Rotation culturale (céréales/légumineuses alimentaires ou fourragères) soutenue par le Centre de Travaux Agricole</a> </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Al Karkouri Jamal, Chaire Unesco Environnement. Université Mohamed V. Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences humaines</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR13</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top"><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=206">»Régénération assistée du chêne liège</a></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Chaker Miloud, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Département de Géographie</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Morocco</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">MOR14</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=343">»Development of rainfed agriculture</a></p>
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://qa.wocat.net/SummaryApproach.php?selected_language=english&selected_id=207">»Mise en valeur des terres en Bour</a></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #7b9ebd;" valign="top">Nafaa Rachida, Université Mohammed V Agdal, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Chaire Unesco-GN</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>