Drivers & policyDESIRE Project Harmonised Information Systemhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/study-site-contexts/wp13-drivers-a-policy-thematicmenu-1672016-09-22T20:26:07ZJoomla! 1.5 - Open Source Content ManagementDrivers, policies and laws in DESIRE study sites2007-07-16T13:02:25Z2007-07-16T13:02:25Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/study-site-contexts/wp13-drivers-a-policy-thematicmenu-167/58-drivers-policies-and-laws-in-desire-study-sitesJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>The dominant <strong>drivers</strong> of desertification in the study sites were identified (through stakeholder workshops and other questionnaires) as</p>
<ul>
<li>outmigration,</li>
<li>lack of planning,</li>
<li>mono-plantations,</li>
<li>land fragmentation,</li>
<li>intensification of agriculture,</li>
<li>population growth/poverty,</li>
<li>land tenure,</li>
<li>land management decline,</li>
<li>climate change.</li>
</ul>
<p>Further discussion of each of these is given in <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp13-drivers-a-policy-thematicmenu-167/519-overview-of-main-drivers-of-desertification">»Overview of main drivers of desertification</a></strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>However, each study site has its own particular combination of socio-economic and environmental desertification drivers which in turn have particular pressures and impacts on the area. The actual or potential <strong>responses</strong> to these impacts take the form of the application of different technologies and approaches and these are fully explored and described in <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/potential-strategies">»Potential prevention and mitigation strategies.</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Land use in each study site is also subject to a mix of<strong> international, national and local policy</strong> regulations and agreements which also have an impact on desertification and land degradation. These include</p>
<p> </p>
<p>1. International policy agreements and national contributions to them:</p>
<ul>
<li>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, and its National Action Plans (7 sites)</li>
<li>Agenda 21 and environmental action plans and protection laws (7 sites)</li>
<li>Common Agricultural Policy (in Europe) (3 sites)</li>
<li>National Strategy for Poverty Reduction (1 site)</li>
<li>Natura 2000 (1 site)</li>
<li>Convention on Biological Diversity, and national plans and regulations (1 site)</li>
<li>European Water Framework Directive (1 site)</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>2. National and local agreements:</p>
<ul>
<li>Subsidy schemes, regulations, laws on irrigation, water management, waste and flood control (9 sites)</li>
<li>Forestry laws and forest management regulations (5 sites)</li>
<li>agricultural laws and regulations, such as national policy on agricultural development (5 sites)</li>
<li>laws and national strategies on soil conservation and prevention and control of desertification (3 sites)</li>
<li>bonus programme on rehabilitation of degraded lands (1 site)</li>
<li>regional development plan (1 site)</li>
<li>official establishments of protected areas and national parks (1 site)</li>
<li>national strategy for rangeland improvement (1 site)</li>
<li>land management law (1 site) and grassland law (1 site)</li>
<li>Community Based Natural Resource Management Policy (1 site)</li>
<li>Tourism policies (1 site)</li>
<li>Emigration policies (1 site)</li>
<li>National plan for rural biogas development (1 site)</li>
<li>Revised National Policy on Education (1 site)</li>
<li>Order in council on protection of air (1 site)</li>
<li>Order in council on norms related to construction projects for entertainment building</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download the full report</strong></span></td>
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<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/D131-212%20cover.jpg.jpg" /></p>
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<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /> <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/download-documents/doc_download/254-wp13-drivers-policies-and-laws-in-desire-study-sites">Drivers, policies and laws in DESIRE study sites</a></strong> [2.45 MB]</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><p>The dominant <strong>drivers</strong> of desertification in the study sites were identified (through stakeholder workshops and other questionnaires) as</p>
<ul>
<li>outmigration,</li>
<li>lack of planning,</li>
<li>mono-plantations,</li>
<li>land fragmentation,</li>
<li>intensification of agriculture,</li>
<li>population growth/poverty,</li>
<li>land tenure,</li>
<li>land management decline,</li>
<li>climate change.</li>
</ul>
<p>Further discussion of each of these is given in <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp13-drivers-a-policy-thematicmenu-167/519-overview-of-main-drivers-of-desertification">»Overview of main drivers of desertification</a></strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>However, each study site has its own particular combination of socio-economic and environmental desertification drivers which in turn have particular pressures and impacts on the area. The actual or potential <strong>responses</strong> to these impacts take the form of the application of different technologies and approaches and these are fully explored and described in <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/potential-strategies">»Potential prevention and mitigation strategies.</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Land use in each study site is also subject to a mix of<strong> international, national and local policy</strong> regulations and agreements which also have an impact on desertification and land degradation. These include</p>
<p> </p>
<p>1. International policy agreements and national contributions to them:</p>
<ul>
<li>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, and its National Action Plans (7 sites)</li>
<li>Agenda 21 and environmental action plans and protection laws (7 sites)</li>
<li>Common Agricultural Policy (in Europe) (3 sites)</li>
<li>National Strategy for Poverty Reduction (1 site)</li>
<li>Natura 2000 (1 site)</li>
<li>Convention on Biological Diversity, and national plans and regulations (1 site)</li>
<li>European Water Framework Directive (1 site)</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>2. National and local agreements:</p>
<ul>
<li>Subsidy schemes, regulations, laws on irrigation, water management, waste and flood control (9 sites)</li>
<li>Forestry laws and forest management regulations (5 sites)</li>
<li>agricultural laws and regulations, such as national policy on agricultural development (5 sites)</li>
<li>laws and national strategies on soil conservation and prevention and control of desertification (3 sites)</li>
<li>bonus programme on rehabilitation of degraded lands (1 site)</li>
<li>regional development plan (1 site)</li>
<li>official establishments of protected areas and national parks (1 site)</li>
<li>national strategy for rangeland improvement (1 site)</li>
<li>land management law (1 site) and grassland law (1 site)</li>
<li>Community Based Natural Resource Management Policy (1 site)</li>
<li>Tourism policies (1 site)</li>
<li>Emigration policies (1 site)</li>
<li>National plan for rural biogas development (1 site)</li>
<li>Revised National Policy on Education (1 site)</li>
<li>Order in council on protection of air (1 site)</li>
<li>Order in council on norms related to construction projects for entertainment building</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<table style="width: 595px; border: 1px solid #cccccc;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #9b9b9b; background-color: #9b9b9b;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>More details ... download the full report</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/thumb/D131-212%20cover.jpg.jpg" /></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;">
<p><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/original/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" /> <strong><a href="http://www.desire-his.eu/en/download-documents/doc_download/254-wp13-drivers-policies-and-laws-in-desire-study-sites">Drivers, policies and laws in DESIRE study sites</a></strong> [2.45 MB]</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>Overview of main drivers of desertification2011-02-07T17:25:34Z2011-02-07T17:25:34Zhttp://www.desire-his.eu/index.php/en/study-site-contexts/wp13-drivers-a-policy-thematicmenu-167/519-overview-of-main-drivers-of-desertificationJane Brandtmedesdesire@googlemail.com<p>This section summarises the results of a survey made for all study sites. The study site teams were asked what they considered to be the main desertification drivers in their area and what are the impacts of those drivers. The graph shows the frequency of the different responses.</p>
<p><em><br /></em></p>
<p><em>Note: the drivers were not ranked according to their importance.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/driver frequency.jpg.jpg" /></p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="150" width="600">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" height="150" valign="top" width="565">
<script language="JavaScript">
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if(studysite=="2"){
technology="Outmigration is a key driver of desertification mentioned in eleven sites and eight countries of the DESIRE project study sites. In the Mediterranean countries outmigration causes neglect of existing soil and water conservation structures that collapse as a consequence and with accelerated erosion as a result. Also, as in Spain, the disappearance of the mosaic landscape pattern contributes to the increased land degradation at the catchment level. The exodus of rural people to the towns is a global trend and is caused by land use changes (e.g. in Europe and Morocco) where agriculture has intensified and there is a lower need for labour and traditional dry land farming is disappearing because of falling prices. Other countries (outside Europe) suffer from the falling prices too and decreased profitability of (smallholder) farming. In developing countries farm efficiency and profitability decline due to decreasing productivity, the decreasing farm size due to inheritance systems, and the claim on high quality agricultural lands for urban development. The loss of rural population leads to skewed age distribution of remaining population and depopulation of rural villages. Service provision and labour requirement, and therewith opportunities for work, in the rural area declines. The exodus of young people from rural areas means a loss of labour and social capital and the land use change and decline of traditional dry land farming causes a loss of knowledge of sustainable practices in these fragile environments. The reverse case also occurs where desertification is the driver for outmigration as it leads to a decline of the quality of the environment.";
}
if(studysite=="3"){
technology="In seven sites and five countries of the DESIRE focal areas, lack of integrated planning and implementation of policies is considered to contribute to desertification. Desertification is typically a multidisciplinary and multi-thematic problem and is therefore related to various sectors in policy, such as agriculture, environment, water, forest, urban and rural development, spatial planning, and trade. Mono-sectoral development activities, planned and imposed from the central government, are not fully effective on integrated themes such as desertification as they do not reflect the cross-sectoral issues and its consequences to the affected people. For achieving impact of desertification policies, there is a need for cross-sectoral planning and interdepartmental collaboration, which often proves to be difficult to realise. Lack of cross-sectoral planning is an issue in several DESIRE study sites.";
}
if(studysite=="4"){
technology="The introduction of monoculture tree plantations is mentioned in five countries and six study sites as an issue that contributes to desertification. Eucalyptus and Pinus species, as planted in Morocco, are large water consumers and have little undergrowth that protects the soil. In Crete, olives plantations replace natural vegetation in some sloping areas and part of that land is ploughed, leading to soil erosion. In Tunesia the traditional agro-pasture practices are abandoned for large scale mono-culture agriculture plantations (olives) that are a cause of erosion. In some sites agro-forestry practices are abandoned for large scale mono-culture forest plantations and exotic tree species (Pinus pinaster, Eucalyptus globulus) are introduced leading to less soil protection and higher risk (Chili) and incidence (Portugal) of forest fires.";
}
if(studysite=="5"){
technology="Land fragmentation is mentioned in six countries and seven DESIRE study sites as a driver. Fragmentation of land leads to increased land abandonment, less managed forest and vegetation, less land care in general. This in turn is a cause of increased risk of forest fires, lowered production and incomes, soil erosion and nutrient depletion.";
}
if(studysite=="6"){
technology="Shift of traditional land management to capital intense, large scale managed farms was reported in six study sites/countries as a driver/issue. Large scale managed farms are not always a cause for degradation. A large scale operation can provide means for sustainable management if production, and therewith return, is high and land investments are used to ensure a continued production of high volume and quality. Yet, the intensive nature of large scale farms can create a high water demand in dryland areas (such as the case in Tunesia, Spain, Karapinar, Turkey) and cause lowered groundwater levels (Karapinar), or cause low water recharge (e.g. Crete). For the establishment of large scale managed farms land leveling is sometimes practiced, such as in the case of horticulture farms in the Guadalentin, Spain. This form of land disturbance is a direct cause of soil degradation. In some of the sites overexploitation of traditional land uses has led to overgrazing (Morocco, Russia) and to reduction of fallows that causes more overland flow and soil erosion. ";
}
if(studysite=="7"){
technology="Population growth and poverty were reported for four of the study sites although two of the sites (Karapinar, Turkey and Cape Verde) indicated that poverty is the actual underlying driver, directly related to the overpopulation issue. Overexploitation of natural resources such as forest resources (fire wood) or ground water lead to depletion and degradation of the resource. Extension of agricultural land into marginal (sloping) areas lead to over-use and inappropriate management methods, causing degradation (Yanhe River Basin, China). In Botswana (Boteti), expansion of dryland farming into rangelands, the increased use of fencing in communal areas, the increase of livestock, and wildlife sanctuaries leads to a decline of conservation areas and of habitat for wildlife species. ";
}
if(studysite=="8"){
technology="Lack of land tenure and security is considered a driver in four study sites/countries. Land that is rented or of which land tenure is insecure are less cared for, which may lead to soil erosion and production decline (Cape Verde), soil fertility decline and soil erosion (Sehoul, Morocco), increased forest fire and associated biodiversity loss and soil erosion (Crete). When communal lands are claimed for individual use, such as in Zeuss-Koutine, Tunisia, grazing pressure is higher on the remaining communal grazing area and land management methods are not always appropriate for the specific lands (e.g. use of inappropriate ploughing techniques), causing degradation. Land use change is considered a driver in nine study sites and in seven countries. It is associated - and partly overlaps - with other drivers reported in this projects’ study sites (shift of traditional land management to capital intense, large scale managed farms, land introduction of monoculture tree plantations, and land fragmentation). Yet, it is reported separately as land use change is also globally considered to be a driver of desertification.";
}
if(studysite=="9"){
technology="Land use change may be related to land abandonment where there is a lower level of management and care for the land, which in the case for the Macao and Goìs sites in Portugal has lead to biodiversity loss and soil erosion. Land use change may also implicate a transition between land use and management types, such as the abandonment of traditional agro-pasture practices for large scale mono-culture agriculture plantations (olives), such as in Tunisia, related to increased soil erosion, or for large scale pastures (Dzhanybek, Russia) that has led to increased water erosion. The increase of irrigated area has led in some sites to soil salinization (Nestos, Greece and Russia, Novy). In Sehoul, Morocco, a series of partly interrelated changes of land use occur, such as urbanization, land abandonment and the conversion of pastures to agricultural lands. As a consequence, pastures shift to the degraded lands as a consequence which leads to further degradation.";
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<p>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
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</tbody>
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<p>
</p><p>This section summarises the results of a survey made for all study sites. The study site teams were asked what they considered to be the main desertification drivers in their area and what are the impacts of those drivers. The graph shows the frequency of the different responses.</p>
<p><em><br /></em></p>
<p><em>Note: the drivers were not ranked according to their importance.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.desire-his.eu/images/stories/rsgallery/display/driver frequency.jpg.jpg" /></p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="150" width="600">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" height="150" valign="top" width="565">
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// Initialise variables
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// identify technology class
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technology=" ";
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if(studysite=="2"){
technology="Outmigration is a key driver of desertification mentioned in eleven sites and eight countries of the DESIRE project study sites. In the Mediterranean countries outmigration causes neglect of existing soil and water conservation structures that collapse as a consequence and with accelerated erosion as a result. Also, as in Spain, the disappearance of the mosaic landscape pattern contributes to the increased land degradation at the catchment level. The exodus of rural people to the towns is a global trend and is caused by land use changes (e.g. in Europe and Morocco) where agriculture has intensified and there is a lower need for labour and traditional dry land farming is disappearing because of falling prices. Other countries (outside Europe) suffer from the falling prices too and decreased profitability of (smallholder) farming. In developing countries farm efficiency and profitability decline due to decreasing productivity, the decreasing farm size due to inheritance systems, and the claim on high quality agricultural lands for urban development. The loss of rural population leads to skewed age distribution of remaining population and depopulation of rural villages. Service provision and labour requirement, and therewith opportunities for work, in the rural area declines. The exodus of young people from rural areas means a loss of labour and social capital and the land use change and decline of traditional dry land farming causes a loss of knowledge of sustainable practices in these fragile environments. The reverse case also occurs where desertification is the driver for outmigration as it leads to a decline of the quality of the environment.";
}
if(studysite=="3"){
technology="In seven sites and five countries of the DESIRE focal areas, lack of integrated planning and implementation of policies is considered to contribute to desertification. Desertification is typically a multidisciplinary and multi-thematic problem and is therefore related to various sectors in policy, such as agriculture, environment, water, forest, urban and rural development, spatial planning, and trade. Mono-sectoral development activities, planned and imposed from the central government, are not fully effective on integrated themes such as desertification as they do not reflect the cross-sectoral issues and its consequences to the affected people. For achieving impact of desertification policies, there is a need for cross-sectoral planning and interdepartmental collaboration, which often proves to be difficult to realise. Lack of cross-sectoral planning is an issue in several DESIRE study sites.";
}
if(studysite=="4"){
technology="The introduction of monoculture tree plantations is mentioned in five countries and six study sites as an issue that contributes to desertification. Eucalyptus and Pinus species, as planted in Morocco, are large water consumers and have little undergrowth that protects the soil. In Crete, olives plantations replace natural vegetation in some sloping areas and part of that land is ploughed, leading to soil erosion. In Tunesia the traditional agro-pasture practices are abandoned for large scale mono-culture agriculture plantations (olives) that are a cause of erosion. In some sites agro-forestry practices are abandoned for large scale mono-culture forest plantations and exotic tree species (Pinus pinaster, Eucalyptus globulus) are introduced leading to less soil protection and higher risk (Chili) and incidence (Portugal) of forest fires.";
}
if(studysite=="5"){
technology="Land fragmentation is mentioned in six countries and seven DESIRE study sites as a driver. Fragmentation of land leads to increased land abandonment, less managed forest and vegetation, less land care in general. This in turn is a cause of increased risk of forest fires, lowered production and incomes, soil erosion and nutrient depletion.";
}
if(studysite=="6"){
technology="Shift of traditional land management to capital intense, large scale managed farms was reported in six study sites/countries as a driver/issue. Large scale managed farms are not always a cause for degradation. A large scale operation can provide means for sustainable management if production, and therewith return, is high and land investments are used to ensure a continued production of high volume and quality. Yet, the intensive nature of large scale farms can create a high water demand in dryland areas (such as the case in Tunesia, Spain, Karapinar, Turkey) and cause lowered groundwater levels (Karapinar), or cause low water recharge (e.g. Crete). For the establishment of large scale managed farms land leveling is sometimes practiced, such as in the case of horticulture farms in the Guadalentin, Spain. This form of land disturbance is a direct cause of soil degradation. In some of the sites overexploitation of traditional land uses has led to overgrazing (Morocco, Russia) and to reduction of fallows that causes more overland flow and soil erosion. ";
}
if(studysite=="7"){
technology="Population growth and poverty were reported for four of the study sites although two of the sites (Karapinar, Turkey and Cape Verde) indicated that poverty is the actual underlying driver, directly related to the overpopulation issue. Overexploitation of natural resources such as forest resources (fire wood) or ground water lead to depletion and degradation of the resource. Extension of agricultural land into marginal (sloping) areas lead to over-use and inappropriate management methods, causing degradation (Yanhe River Basin, China). In Botswana (Boteti), expansion of dryland farming into rangelands, the increased use of fencing in communal areas, the increase of livestock, and wildlife sanctuaries leads to a decline of conservation areas and of habitat for wildlife species. ";
}
if(studysite=="8"){
technology="Lack of land tenure and security is considered a driver in four study sites/countries. Land that is rented or of which land tenure is insecure are less cared for, which may lead to soil erosion and production decline (Cape Verde), soil fertility decline and soil erosion (Sehoul, Morocco), increased forest fire and associated biodiversity loss and soil erosion (Crete). When communal lands are claimed for individual use, such as in Zeuss-Koutine, Tunisia, grazing pressure is higher on the remaining communal grazing area and land management methods are not always appropriate for the specific lands (e.g. use of inappropriate ploughing techniques), causing degradation. Land use change is considered a driver in nine study sites and in seven countries. It is associated - and partly overlaps - with other drivers reported in this projects’ study sites (shift of traditional land management to capital intense, large scale managed farms, land introduction of monoculture tree plantations, and land fragmentation). Yet, it is reported separately as land use change is also globally considered to be a driver of desertification.";
}
if(studysite=="9"){
technology="Land use change may be related to land abandonment where there is a lower level of management and care for the land, which in the case for the Macao and Goìs sites in Portugal has lead to biodiversity loss and soil erosion. Land use change may also implicate a transition between land use and management types, such as the abandonment of traditional agro-pasture practices for large scale mono-culture agriculture plantations (olives), such as in Tunisia, related to increased soil erosion, or for large scale pastures (Dzhanybek, Russia) that has led to increased water erosion. The increase of irrigated area has led in some sites to soil salinization (Nestos, Greece and Russia, Novy). In Sehoul, Morocco, a series of partly interrelated changes of land use occur, such as urbanization, land abandonment and the conversion of pastures to agricultural lands. As a consequence, pastures shift to the degraded lands as a consequence which leads to further degradation.";
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Comments</td>
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