Adapting PESERA
Adapting PESERA for assessing SLM strategies
To meet the needs of the integrated model as proposed in this report, the PESERA model needs to be run first to equilibrium, in order to establish average values of runoff, erosion and productivity under current conditions and to establish initial conditions for runs with explicit time series drawn as realisations of future climatic conditions. Using the same time series for climate in each site, the model can then be run again, applying alternative proposed technologies either as a step-change or through gradual adoption over time. These runs can then be used to assess the expected responses of land managers to the changing performance and its economic consequences. In order to do this, PESERA will be developed to ensure that model output responds appropriately to the remedial technologies that are being proposed within the project through WB3. PESERA will itself deal exclusively with the technologies involved in SLM strategies; strategies, however, also include approaches. The impacts of SLM approaches will be incorporated in the cost-effectiveness modelling and agent-based modelling (chapters 3 and 4).
There are a number of parameters and methods that can be adapted to represent the impact of the various SLM technologies proposed. Among the more relevant SLM technologies are those described in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2: Parameters and methods from PESERA that can be adapted to represent the impact of different SLM technologies proposed in DESIRE
Remedial Measures | Examples from the WOCAT database on technologies (from Del. 3.2.1) | Model manipulation | Details |
Mulching and/or maintaining ground cover vegetation within tree crops (vines, nuts, olives...) Crop or fallowing rotation Changes of land use (e.g. tree addition/ removal) Zero or reduced tillage |
SPA03 (Spain); MOR14 (Morocco) MOR11, MOR12 (Morocco); TUR04 (Turkey) CPV03 (Cape Verde); MOR013 (Morocco) CHL01 (Chile); GRE01, GRE03 (Greece) |
Change of month-by-month ground cover | Reduces surface crusting and therefore runoff and erosion. Better water retention favours vegetation growth etc. |
Retention of crop residues as litter layer at harvesting of arable and other crops Zero or reduced tillage |
CHL01 (Chile); GRE01, GRE03 (Greece); | Modifies biomass balances and cover | Affects surface properties as above and feeding slowly into soil organic matter that further enhances water retention etc. |
Irrigation |
GRE02 (Greece); GRE05 (Greece); RUS01 (Russia); TUR03 (Turkey) |
Added water for greater growth of crops | Expressed as a proportion of irrigation demand met after using rainfall to the full. Output as total water required as well as improved crop yields etc |
Water harvesting | BOT04 (Botswana); CPV01 (Cape Verde); SPA04 (Spain); TUN09, TUN12, TUN13 (Tunisia) | Added water for greater growth of crops. Reduced area available for crop growth. Requires suitably compact collecting areas or diversion from ephemeral streams. Cisterns/ storage reservoirs allow displacement of irrigation over time. | Expressed as a multiplier representing ratio of collecting area to irrigation area, allowing for efficiency of collection (i.e. measures to enhance runoff from collecting area). Upper thresholds set by spillway design and associated erosion risks. |
Changing intensity of grazing Changes in fuel wood harvesting Removal of unpalatable species Game ranching |
ITA01 (Italy); TUN11 (Tunisia); TUR01 (Turkey) BOT05, BOT06 (Botswana) BOT07 (Botswana) |
Expressed as fraction of available biomass growth removed by animals or people. | Grazing intensity needs to recognise contribution of supplementary fodder. Relevant for biogas or solar cookers |
Terracing with vegetated, earth or stone strips/banks Strip cropping Contour .v. downslope cultivations Novel cultivation patterns |
CHN51, CHN52, CHN53 (China), CPV02, CPV04 (Cape Verde), GRE04 (Greece), SPA02 (Spain); TUN10 (Tunisia) CPV05, CPV06 (Cape Verde), POR01 (Portugal) SPA01 (Spain) SPA05 (Spain) |
Sub-grid modelling (Finer scale model to parameterise impacts of treatments that have a finer texture than the 100m or 1 km cell) | Details vary with treatment. Sub-model resolution 1-10m. Output as a correction factor for main PESERA model (hopefully with appropriate scale dependence) |
Use of nitrogen fixing crops in rotations | MOR11, MOR12 (Morocco); TUR04 (Turkey) | Enable nitrogen and carbon budget components of PESERA | Show effect of fertilisation in enhanced crop yields etc. |
Plastic sheeting/ greenhouses | Manage irrigated water use and increase winter temperatures. Suppress weeds. | May require increased pesticide use, and replacement of topsoil. Increased yield, especially of winter crops. |